Nephrology Pathology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What kind of hyponatraemia occurs when a patient continues to drink freely despite oliguria?

Dilutional hyponatraemia (correct)

Hyperosmolar hyponatraemia

Hypernatraemia

Hypervolemic hyponatraemia

What happens if a patient receives inappropriate amounts of intravenous dextrose?

Hypernatraemia develops

Dilutional hyponatraemia develops (correct)

Hypoglycaemia develops

Hypokalemia develops

What is oliguria in the context of dilutional hyponatraemia?

Protein in the urine

Scanty urine production (correct)

Excessive urine production

Blood in the urine

What can cause dilutional hyponatraemia according to the text?

Drinking freely despite oliguria or receiving excessive IV dextrose Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of dilutional hyponatraemia?

Low sodium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of ARF?

Hypocalcaemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial symptom of 'Uraemic' features in ARF?

Anorexia Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe complication of ARF?

Coma Signup and view all the answers

What is a neurological symptom of ARF?

Apathy Signup and view all the answers

What is a gastrointestinal symptom of ARF?

Vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to weigh the patient daily?

Because measurement of fluid intake and urine output is subject to error Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of measuring fluid intake and urine output?

To monitor the patient's hydration status Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of measuring fluid intake and urine output?

It is subject to error Signup and view all the answers

Why is daily weighing a useful adjunct to measuring fluid intake and urine output?

It helps to identify errors in fluid intake and urine output measurements Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of monitoring fluid intake and urine output in a patient?

To assess the patient's hydration status Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of rhabdomyolysis?

Releasing myoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the conditions mentioned related to auto-toxins?

Myeloma cast nephropathy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of vascular events?

Arterial blockage Signup and view all the answers

Which of these terms is associated with rhabdomyolysis?

Releasing myoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could lead to a major vascular occlusion?

Pulmonary embolism Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result in acute necrosis of renal tubular cells?

Acute tubular necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What factors can cause acute necrosis of renal tubular cells?

Chemical and bacterial toxins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical cause of nephrotoxicity?

Chemical toxins Signup and view all the answers

What type of patient is being discussed?

Haemodynamically stable, non-septic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not mentioned as a factor in acute necrosis of renal tubular cells?

Viral infections Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

B-Dilutional Hyponatraemia

Occurs when patients consume fluids excessively despite having oliguria (low urine output).
Can also result from inappropriate intravenous dextrose administration.

D-Hypocalcaemia

Common in acute renal failure (ARF) due to decreased renal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (active form of vitamin D).

Uraemic Features in ARF

Initial symptoms include anorexia, nausea, and vomiting.
Can progress to neurological symptoms such as drowsiness, apathy, confusion, muscle twitching, hiccups, seizures, and coma.
Daily weight measurement recommended to monitor fluid balance, as fluid intake and urine output measurements may be inaccurate.

Auto-Toxins in ARF

Rhabdomyolysis can cause myoglobin release, leading to kidney injury.
Myeloma cast nephropathy is another condition associated with kidney damage.

Vascular Events

Major vascular occlusions can lead to acute renal failure.
Important considerations in differential diagnosis for ARF in stable, non-septic patients.

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Characterized by acute damage to renal tubular cells.
Can be induced by nephrotoxicity from chemical agents or bacterial infections, possibly in combination.

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Description

Test your knowledge on nephrology-related pathologies, including auto-toxins and vascular events that affect the kidneys. Learn about rhabdomyolysis, myeloma cast nephropathy, and major vascular occlusion.