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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of medical nutrition therapy (MNT)?
Which condition is NOT typically addressed with medical nutrition therapy?
Why is monitoring a person's weight crucial in dietary management?
Which of the following is a sensory consideration when dealing with individuals with IDD?
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How can environmental factors affect eating in individuals with IDD?
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What complication can arise from using sedating medications in relation to nutrition?
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Which dietary consideration should be taken into account for someone with aspiration difficulties?
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What is a significant side effect of some medications that can impact dietary intake?
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What is a significant risk associated with a fruitarian diet?
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Which measurement is used to assess a person's weight corrected for height?
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What complication may arise due to dysphagia in patients?
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What is the primary purpose of enteral tube feeding?
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What should be checked every 4 to 6 hours to ensure the safety of enteral feeding?
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Which group of people is most likely to have dietary restrictions due to cultural and religious factors?
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When considering energy requirements in nutrition, which factor is not typically included?
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What role do plasma proteins such as albumin and transferrin play in nutritional assessment?
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What is the primary goal of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) in relation to cardiovascular disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the current dietary guidelines for the general population?
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What is the purpose of effective diet counseling within nutritional management?
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What is the primary energy requirement for maintaining life-sustaining activities at rest called?
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Which nutrient is the most calorie-dense and provides 9 kcal/g?
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What is a major complication that can arise from parenteral nutrition (PN)?
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What essential role do amino acids provide in the context of protein nutrition?
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Which of the following is true about resting energy expenditure (REE)?
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Study Notes
Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)
- A specialized nutritional approach for treating illness, injury, or specific medical conditions.
- Examples include: peptic ulcer disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, short bowel syndrome, diverticulitis, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, and HIV/AIDS.
- MNT helps with metabolizing specific nutrients, correcting nutritional deficiencies, and eliminating foods that worsen disease states.
- Collaboration with a healthcare team and dietitian is crucial for effective MNT.
Nutrition and People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD)
- Healthy diets contribute to improved quality of life for individuals with IDD.
- Implementing medically indicated diets can be challenging, requiring careful consideration of potential medical conditions and the impact of the diet on existing health issues.
- Weight monitoring is crucial for early detection of various conditions, including constipation, GERD, swallowing difficulties, cancer, and neglect.
Swallowing Considerations
- Some individuals with IDD experience swallowing difficulties, necessitating safe dietary adjustments.
- Adjusting food textures (solid) and liquid thickness can reduce choking risks.
- Feeding tubes might be required for individuals with persistent aspiration.
Sensory and Tactile Considerations
- Individuals with IDD may exhibit preferences for specific food textures, aversion to messy eating, overstuffing or pocketing food, or gagging reactions to the sight, smell, touch, or taste of food.
Communication Considerations
- Difficulty communicating food preferences can hinder adequate nutrition. Exploring alternative communication methods can improve oral intake.
Environmental Considerations
- Behavioral and environmental factors can contribute to eating issues.
- Insufficient time for meals, lack of assistance, changes in support staff, and environmental modifications can impact food intake.
Medication Considerations
- Medications can have side effects that affect eating.
- Nausea caused by medication may go unnoticed, leading to reduced food intake.
- Sedative medications can increase aspiration risk.
- Constipating medications can impact appetite.
Energy Requirements
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR): Energy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining activities (breathing, circulation, heart rate, etc.) for a specific period.
- Resting energy expenditure (REE): Energy an individual needs to consume over 24 hours to maintain all bodily functions at rest.
Nutrients
- Carbohydrates: Complex and simple saccharides; main source of energy (4 kcal/g); provide glucose.
- Proteins: Source of energy (4 kcal/g); provide amino acids for nitrogen balance, tissue growth, maintenance, and repair.
- Fats: Most calorie-dense nutrients (9 kcal/g); composed of triglycerides and fatty acids.
- Water: Essential for all cellular function, ensuring a fluid environment.
Assessment
- Anthropometry: System of measuring body size and composition.
- Ideal body weight (IBW): Estimated weight a person should have.
- Body mass index (BMI): Measures weight corrected for height, offering an alternative to traditional height-weight relationships.
- Laboratory and biochemical tests: Plasma proteins (albumin, transferrin, prealbumin, retinol binding protein, total iron-binding capacity, hemoglobin) provide insights into nutritional status.
Dietary and Health History
- Intake of foods and liquids: Includes preferences, allergies, and access to food.
- Illness and activity level: Determine energy needs and compare food intake.
- Health status, age, cultural background, religious food patterns, socioeconomic status, personal food preferences, psychological factors, alcohol or illegal drug use, vitamin, mineral, or herbal supplement use, prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) drug use, and general nutrition knowledge.
Physical Examination
- Nutritional deficiencies impact all body systems.
Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing)
- Can lead to disability, decreased functional status, longer hospital stays, increased cost of healthcare, higher likelihood of institutionalized care, and increased mortality.
Enteral Tube Feeding
- Administration of nutrition via a feeding tube when oral intake is insufficient.
- Inserted through the nose into the stomach or intestines, or surgically placed through the abdominal wall.
- Nursing responsibilities include: tube placement, initiation of enteral feeding as prescribed, advancing feeding tolerance, and monitoring for tolerance.
Aspiration Precautions
- Head of bed elevated at least 30 degrees.
- Tube placement checked every 4 to 6 hours.
- Gastric residual volume checked every 4 hours.
Parenteral Nutrition (PN)
- Specialized nutrition support provided intravenously.
- Liquid nutrients are delivered directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system.
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Description
Explore the principles of Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) and its significance in treating various medical conditions. This quiz also focuses on the importance of diet in improving the quality of life for individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) and the challenges faced in implementing these diets.
