Medical Microbiology and Blood Components

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Questions and Answers

What is the simplest type of mutation?

  • Point mutation (correct)
  • Frameshift mutation
  • Nonsense mutation
  • Chromosomal mutation

Which of the following is a characteristic of a public antigen?

  • Found only in a specific family
  • Usually associated with a rare blood type
  • Found in fewer than 1% of the population
  • Found in more than 98% of the population (correct)

What is the process called where cells coated with antibody are treated to disrupt the bond between the antigen and antibody?

  • Elution (correct)
  • Precipitation
  • Adsorption
  • Agglutination

What is the name of the lectin that reacts with the H antigen?

<p>Ulex europaeus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a gene that does not appear to produce a detectable antigen?

<p>Amorph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate total renal plasma flow in milliliters per minute?

<p>600-700 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a leptocyte?

<p>A red blood cell with a fragile membrane and increased central pallor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cells that produce testosterone in the testicles?

<p>Leydig cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the Reed-Sternberg cell?

<p>Caused by a deficiency of glucocerebrosidase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the commonality between Alder-Reilly anomaly, Chediak-Higashi anomaly, and May-Hegglin anomaly?

<p>All are genetic disorders affecting blood cell development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with a defect in platelet adhesion?

<p>Bernard-Soulier syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Sezary syndrome?

<p>Exfoliative erythroderma and Sezary cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lactoferrin in the body?

<p>Binding to iron and reducing its availability to bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary fungal pathogen in HIV patients?

<p>Candida albicans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal stool pH range?

<p>pH 7 to 8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correctly associated with its condition?

<p>Melena - Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is directly responsible for the production of testosterone?

<p>Leydig cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of meconium?

<p>Dark green and mucus-like (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of a black stool?

<p>Iron therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reagent used in the APT test?

<p>1% NaOH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Florence test?

<p>Test for choline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common adverse reaction associated with aminoglycosides?

<p>Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by neuromotor irritability, muscular twitching, and convulsions, often due to low calcium levels?

<p>Tetany (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended deferral period for blood donation after receiving a measles (rubeola) vaccination?

<p>2 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of crystal is linked to excessive consumption of benzoic acid?

<p>Hippuric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the best test for assessing the health of the fetoplacental unit?

<p>Serum free estriol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range for normal urine volume in a 24-hour period?

<p>600 to 2000 mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of oval fat bodies in urine sediment?

<p>They suggest lipid-containing renal tubular epithelial cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of kidney stone is characterized by the presence of calcium oxalate?

<p>Whewellite and weddellite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range for normal urine osmolality?

<p>50 to 1400 mOsm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by moderate hematuria and RBC casts in urine sediment?

<p>Acute glomerulonephritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range for serum osmolality in a healthy individual?

<p>275 to 300 mOsm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of male infertility?

<p>Varicocele (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the significance of a significant albumin-to-creatinine ratio (AER) in urine?

<p>It suggests early kidney damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected result of a hematocrit test in a patient with macrocytic anemia?

<p>Falsely high hematocrit due to trapped plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a high anti-HBs titer?

<p>Immunity to hepatitis B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors can lead to a falsely elevated hematocrit result?

<p>Inadequate centrifugation of the microhematocrit tubes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a high white blood cell count?

<p>Inflammation or infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal timeframe for performing a platelet count using Rees-Ecker diluting fluid?

<p>Within 30 minutes of dilution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors can lead to decreased platelet clumping but increased MPV?

<p>EDTA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a high HBV DNA level?

<p>Active hepatitis B infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the term "LEUKOCYTOSIS"?

<p>High white blood cell count (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most specific antibody for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

<p>Anti-dsDNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action if a Card Pregnancy Test shows a very faint test band?

<p>Collect a new sample and test again after 48 hours. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a molecular technique used in diagnostic testing?

<p>Side light scatter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood components is used for patients with a history of febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions?

<p>Leukopror RBCs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the presence of HBeAg in a patient's blood?

<p>Indicates a high degree of infectivity for hepatitis B. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is negative for the Philadelphia chromosome. What does this indicate about the patient's prognosis?

<p>Poor prognosis, as the lack of the Philadelphia chromosome is associated with worse disease progression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Irradiation of blood components?

<p>To prevent graft-versus-host disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate interpretation of a Card Pregnancy Test with two separate black or gray bands, one at T and the other at C?

<p>Positive result: hCG is detectable in the specimen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pseudomembranous colitis

An intestinal condition caused by Clostridium difficile, leading to diarrhea.

Normal stool pH

The normal pH level of stool is between 7 to 8.

Candida albicans

A primary fungal pathogen commonly affecting HIV patients.

Acanthamoeba castellanii

A protozoan characterized by its double-walled, wrinkled cyst form.

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Microhematocrit

Measurement of blood components, typically performed at 10,000 g for 5 minutes.

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Nephrotoxicity

Adverse kidney reaction to certain medications, particularly aminoglycosides.

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Hemosiderin staining

Confirmation of hemosiderin granules using Prussian blue stain after hemoglobinuria.

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Tetany

A condition characterized by neuromotor irritability and twitching due to low calcium levels.

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Sternheimer-Malbin stain

A stain using Crystal Violet and Safranin for urine samples.

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Pseudocasts

Amorphous urates formed in urine, appearing as casts.

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Acute Glomerulonephritis

Condition indicated by moderate hematuria and RBC casts in urine.

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Pyelonephritis

Infection indicated by pyuria with bacterial and WBC casts.

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Nephrotic Syndrome

Condition characterized by heavy proteinuria exceeding 4 g/day.

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Calcium Oxalate

Kidney stones known as Whewellite and Weddellite.

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Creatinine

Compound in urine used to measure 24-hour urine collection completeness.

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Serum Free Estriol

Best test for assessing status of fetoplacental unit during pregnancy.

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Blondheim's test

Test to differentiate hemoglobin from myoglobin using ammonium sulfate.

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Total renal blood flow

Amount of blood that flows through the kidneys per minute, approximately 1200 mL.

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Leydig cells

Cells in the testicles that produce testosterone.

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Point mutation

The simplest type of mutation involving a change in a single nucleotide.

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Epitope

Portion of an antigen responsible for the interaction with an antibody.

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Reed-Sternberg cell

A hallmark cell type for diagnosing Hodgkin's disease.

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Dosage phenomenon

Antibody reacts more strongly with red blood cells that have a double dose of an antigen.

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Alder-Reilly anomaly

A condition where leukocytes have coarse azurophilic granules.

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Auer rod

Needle-shaped or round inclusion in myeloblasts made of primary granules.

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Private antigen

Unique antigenic characteristics found in less than 1% of the population.

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Ecchymosis

A larger hemorrhagic spot in the skin, resulting in a bruise.

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Chediak-Higashi anomaly

A congenital disorder with partial albinism and large blue granules in leukocytes.

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Sezary syndrome

A type of T-cell lymphoma with exfoliative erythroderma and Sezary cells.

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Gaucher's disease

A rare metabolic disorder caused by glucocerebrosidase deficiency.

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Glanzmann's thrombasthenia

A disorder due to mutations that affect platelet aggregation.

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Antidiuretic hormone

Hormone from the hypothalamus regulating water reabsorption in kidneys.

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Philadelphia chromosome negative CML

Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia lacking the Philadelphia chromosome tend to have poor prognosis.

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Anti-dsDNA antibody

This antibody is the most specific marker for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A molecular technique used to amplify DNA sequences for analysis.

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Nuclear matrix protein (NMP-22)

A biomarker used for diagnosing urinary bladder cancer.

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ELISA test

The standard screening method for HIV antibodies.

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HBe antigen

Indicates active hepatitis B with a high degree of infectivity.

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Leukopoor RBCs

Red blood cells that have lower white blood cell content used to prevent febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions.

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Cordocentesis

A procedure to obtain a fetal blood sample for rapid karyotyping or molecular studies.

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Total anti-HBc

Indicates current or past hepatitis B infection.

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Anti-HBs

Indicates immunity to hepatitis B.

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HBV DNA

Measures viral load of hepatitis B; used for therapy monitoring.

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Hematocrit

Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

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Leukocytosis

White blood cell count above 11 x 10^9/L.

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Prolonged BT

Prolonged bleeding time; can indicate thrombocytopenia.

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EDTA

Anticoagulant that reduces platelet clumping but can increase MPV.

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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

A test that measures how quickly red blood cells settle in a test tube.

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Study Notes

Medical Microbiology

  • Clostridium difficile: A common cause of pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea.
  • Candida albicans: A primary fungal pathogen in HIV patients.
  • Acanthamoeba castellanii: A double-walled, wrinkled cyst form.
  • Leishmanial form: Intracellular form of blood and tissue flagellates.
  • Normal stool pH: Ranges from 7 to 8.
  • Stool pH associated with CHO disorders: 5.5 or less.
  • Microhematocrit: 10,000 g for 5 minutes.
  • Standing plasma test: Shows creamy layer (chylomicrons) and turbid layers (VLDL).

Blood Components and Transfusion

  • Components of fibrin glue: Cryoprecipitate (fibrinogen) and topical thrombin.
  • Donor deferral periods: Measles (rubeola) vaccination (2 weeks) and German measles (Rubella) vaccination (4 weeks).
  • Glitter cells stain light blue, while neutrophils stain violet.
  • Hemosiderin granules in renal tubular epithelial cells: May be seen in the urine after episodes of hemoglobinuria, appear blue with Prussian blue stain.
  • Prealbumin (transthyretin): The second most prevalent protein in CSF.
  • Meconium: The newborn's first bowel movement, a dark green, mucus-like material formed in the intestine from fetal secretions and swallowed amniotic fluid.
  • Blood draw precautions: Avoid drawing blood from an arm with a cannula or fistula.
  • Adverse reactions of aminoglycosides: Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
  • Tetany: Neuromotor irritability accompanied by muscular twitching, caused by low calcium levels (hypocalcemia)
  • Reagents for APT test: 1% NaOH
  • Types of blood tests: Florence test (choline), Barbirio's test (spermine), Blondheim's test (differentiates Hgb from myoglobin), Iodine, KI/ dark brown rhombic crystals, picric acid, TCA/ yellow leaf-shaped crystals, needles.
  • Total renal blood flow: 1200 mL/min
  • Total renal plasma flow: 600 to 700 mL/min
  • Leydig cells: Produce testosterone.
  • CD34: Cell membrane marker of stem cells.
  • Hemoglobin degradation products: Granular, dirty, brown casts associated with acute tubular necrosis.
  • Antibody adsorption and elution: Procedures to remove or attach antibodies to antigens.

Other Medical Conditions and Tests

  • Point mutation: A simple type of mutation where one nucleotide is changed.
  • Anastomosis: Connection between blood vessels.
  • Epitopes: Portions of antigens that interact with antibodies.
  • Public and private antigens: These define antigen characteristics unique to individuals or found commonly.
  • Ecchymosis: A large bruise, larger than a petechiae.
  • Koilonychia: Thin, flattened and concave fingernails.
  • Reed-Sternberg cell: A definitive marker for Hodgkin's disease.
  • Alder-Reilly anomaly: Congenital disorder with abnormally large blue granules in leukocytes.
  • Chediak-Higashi anomaly: Characterized by partial albinism and large granules in leukocytes.
  • Sezary syndrome: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
  • Gaucher's disease: Rare disorder of fat metabolism.
  • Bernard-Soulier syndrome: Mutation in platelet adhesion.
  • Glanzmann's thrombasthenia: Defect in platelet aggregation (mutation in platelet receptors)

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