Study Material 1 HB PDF

12\. Pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea: ***Clostridium difficile*** 13\. Corynebacterium amycolatum: Most frequently recovered Corynebacterium species from human clinical material. It is part of the **normal skin microbiota.** 14\. Primary fungal pathogen in HIV patients: ***Candida albicans**...

12\. Pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea: ***Clostridium difficile*** 13\. Corynebacterium amycolatum: Most frequently recovered Corynebacterium species from human clinical material. It is part of the **normal skin microbiota.** 14\. Primary fungal pathogen in HIV patients: ***Candida albicans*** 15\. Double-walled, wrinkled cyst form: ***Acanthamoeba castellanii*** 16\. Intracellular form of blood and tissue flagellates: **leishmanial form** 17\. Normal stool pH:** pH 7 to 8** 18\. Stool pH associated with CHO disorders: **pH 5.5 or less** 19\. Microhematocrit: **10,000 g for 5 minutes** 20\. Standing plasma test: **creamy layer** (chylomicrons); **turbid** (VLDL) 32\. COMPONENTS OF FIBRIN GLUE: **cryoprecipitate (fibrinogen) and topical thrombin** 33\. Donor deferral, measles (rubeola) vaccination: **2 weeks** 34\. Donor deferral, German measles (Rubella) vaccination:** 4 weeks** 35\. When stained with Sternheimer-Malbin stain, **GLITTER CELLS stain LIGHT BLUE **as opposed to the VIOLET COLOR usually seen with NEUTROPHILS. 35\. After episodes of hemoglobinuria, yellow-brown granules may be seen in renal tubular epithelial cells and casts or free-floating in the urine sediment. To confirm that these granules are hemosiderin, the Prussian blue stain for iron is used and stains the hemosiderin granules a blue color. (**RTE cells with HEMOSIDERIN**). 36\. Second most prevalent protein in CSF:** Prealbumin (transthyretin)** 37. **MECONIUM**, which is usually defined as a newborn's first bowel movement, is formed in the intestine from fetal intestinal secretions and swallowed amniotic fluid. It is a **dark green**, mucus-like material. It may be present in the amniotic fluid as a result of fetal distress. 38. **Blood should NEVER be drawn from a vein in an arm with a cannula **(temporary dialysis access device)** or fistula** (a permanent surgical fusion of a vein and an artery). 39\. Adverse reaction of Aminoglycosides:** Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity** 40. **TETANY**: neuromotor irritability accompanied by muscular twitching and eventual convulsions; generally due to **low calcium levels (hypocalcemia)** 41\. Reagent for the APT test: **1% NaOH** 42\. APT test: **fetal blood, pink solution** 43\. APT test: **maternal blood, yellow-brown supernatant** 44\. Florence test: **test for choline** **Iodine, KI/ dark brown rhombic crystals** 45\. Barbiero\'s test: **test for spermine** **Picric acid, TCA/ yellow leafshaped crystals, needles** 46\. Blondheim\'s test: **test to differentiate hemoglobin from myoglobin, ammonium sulfate will precipitate hemoglobin** 53\. Total renal BLOOD flow is **1200 mL/min** 54\. Total renal PLASMA flow is **600 to 700 mL/min** 90\. Leydig cells: cells of the testicles that produce testosterone 91\. CD34: cell membrane marker of stem cells 92\. GRANULAR, DIRTY, BROWN CASTS representing hemoglobin degradation products such as methemoglobin: ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS 93\. ADSORPTION: Providing an antibody with its corresponding antigen under optimal conditions so that the antibody will attach to the antigen, thereby removing the antibody from the serum 94\. ELUTION: process whereby cells that are coated with antibody are treated in such a manner as to disrupt the bonds between the antigen and antibody 95\. POINT MUTATION: simplest type of mutation Only one nucleotide in the DNA sequence is changed Includes substitutions, insertions, and deletions 96\. AMORPH: gene that does not appear to produce a detectable antigen; a silent gene 97\. ANASTOMOSIS: connection between two blood vessels, either direct or through connecting channels 98\. ANTI-A1 LECTIN: DOLICHOS BIFLORUS 99\. ANTI-B LECTIN: BANDEIRAEA SIMPLICIFOLIA 100\. ANTI-H LECTIN: ULEX EUROPAEUS 101\. ANTI-M LECTIN: IBERIS AMARA 102\. ANTI-N LECTIN: VICIA GRAMINEA 103\. DOSAGE: phenomenon whereby an antibody reacts more strongly with a red blood cell carrying a double dose (homozygous inheritance of the appropriate gene) than with a red blood cell carrying a single dose (heterozygous inheritance) of an antigen 104\. EPITOPE: portion of the antigen molecule that is directly involved in the interaction with the antibody; the ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT 105\. PRIVATE ANTIGEN: antigenic characteristic of the red blood cell membrane that is unique to an individual or a related family of individuals and therefore is not commonly found on all cells (usually less than 1% of the population) 106\. PUBLIC ANTIGEN: antigen characteristic of the red blood cell membrane found commonly among individuals, usually more than 98% of the population 108\. Ecchymosis: small hemorrhagic spot, LARGER THAN PETECHIA, in the skin or mucous membrane, forming a rounded or irregular blue or purplish patch; also known as bruise 109\. Koilonychia: fingernails are thin, flattened and concave; associated with iron deficiency anemia 110\. Leptocyte: thin, flat red cell with hemoglobin at periphery and increased central pallor; hypochromic cell 111\. Reed-Sternberg cell: presence is definitive histologic diagnosis of HODGKIN'S DISEASE 112\. Alder-Reilly anomaly: leukocytes of the myelocytic series, and sometimes all leukocytes contain coarse azurophilic mucopolysccharide granules 113\. Auer rod: needle-shaped or round inclusion in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts and promyelocytes; composed of condensed primary granules 114\. Chediak-Higashi anomaly: congenital, autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by partial albinism, photophobia and the presence of abnormally large blue granules in leukocytes 115\. May-Hegglin anomaly: autosomal dominant inherited blood cell disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and granules containing cytoplasmic inclusions similar to Dohle bodies 116\. Sezary syndrome: cutaneous T CELL LYMPHOMA characterized by exfoliative erythroderma, peripheral lymphadenopathy and Sezary cells present in the skin, lymph nodes and peripheral blood 117\. Gaucher's disease: rare disorder of fat metabolism caused by deficiency of glucocerebrosidase 118\. Bernard-Soulier syndrome: mutations to platelet GP IB or GP IX, defect of platelet adhesion 119\. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia: mutations to platelet GP IIb or IIIa; defect of fibrinogen-dependent platelet aggregation 120\. Lactoferrin: protein produced by the neutrophils and stored in the secondary granules that is able bind iron. 122\. CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLES for glucose testing and for other assays are used frequently in many health care facilities for bedside testing, or point-of-care testing (POCT) 123\. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE: hormone produced by the hypothalamus to regulate water reabsorption in the COLLECTING DUCT 124\. RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM: regulates flow of blood to and within the kidneys by responding to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content 125\. MELENA: BLACK, TARRY STOOL associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage 126\. BULKY/FROTHY STOOL: pancreatic disorder, bile-duct obstruction 127\. RIBBON-LIKE STOOL: intestinal constriction 128\. BLACK STOOL: upper GI bleeding, iron therapy, charcoal, BISMUTH (antacids) 129\. AZOOSPERMIA: absence of sperm in a semen sample 130\. OLIGOSPERMIA: low sperm count 131\. SPERMATIDS: immature spermatozoa 132\. SERTOLI CELLS: Part of the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules, give rise to spermatozoa 133\. LEYDIG CELLS: cells of the testicles that produce testosterone 134\. ACROSOMAL CAP: tip of a spermatozoa head, which contains enzymes for entry into an ovum 135\. PROTEIN ERROR OF INDICATORS: color-change phenomenon occurring because PROTEINS ACT AS HYDROGEN ION ACCEPTORS AT A CONSTANT PH 142\. FORWARD angle light scatter: light scattered at an angle of less than 90 degrees, which indicates the SIZE OF A CELL 143\. SIDE ANGLE, right angle light scatter: light scattered at 90 degrees in a flow cytometer that indicates the GRANULARITY OF A CELL 144\. RADIOIMMUNOSORBENT TEST (RIST): measures TOTAL IgE 145\. RADIOALLERGOSORBENT TEST (RAST): measures ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC IgE 146\. RUBELLA: RNA viral cause of German or 3-day measles 147\. RUBEOLA: single-stranded RNA virus that cause measles 148\. DIAPEDESIS: amoeboid movement of cells such as monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils to a site of inflammation in phagocytosis 149\. DiGeorge anomaly: congenital defect of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches that affects thymic development, leading to a T-cell deficiency. Patients are subject to recurring viral and fungal infections 150\. Franklin's disease: dysproteinemia synonymous with gamma heavy-chain disease. This abnormality is characterized by the presence of monoclonal protein composed of the heavy-chain portion of the immunoglobulin molecule. 151\. Kahler's disease An alternate term for multiple myeloma. 152\. CARRIER: molecule that when coupled to a hapten, makes the hapten capable of stimulating an immune response 153\. HAPTEN: simple chemical group that can bind to antibody once it is formed but that CANNOT stimulate antibody formation unless tied to a larger carrier molecule 154\. EPITOPE: single antigenic determinant. It is functionally the portion of an antigen that combines with an antibody paratope 155\. PARATOPE: part of the antibody molecule that makes contact with the antigenic determinant 156\. SENSITIVITY: frequency of positive results obtained in testing a population of individuals who are positive for antibody 157\. SPECIFICITY: proportion of negative test results obtained in the population of individuals who actually lack the antibody in question 158\. ONCOFETAL ANTIGENS: antigens that are expressed in the developing fetus and in rapidly dividing tissue, such as that associated with tumors, but that are absent in normal adult tissue 162. **DRIVING FORCE **of the bicarbonate buffer system is **CARBON DIOXIDE**. 166. **Urinometer** is placed with a SPINNING MOTION. The scale reading is then taken at the **BOTTOM OF THE URINE MENISCUS**. 167\. Studies have shown that although everyone who eats **ASPARAGUS** produces a urine odor, ONLY certain genetically predisposed people can smell the odor. 168. **CABBAGE** urine odor: **METHIONINE MALABSORPTION**. 169\. The heme portion of **MYOGLOBIN IS TOXIC TO RENAL TUBULES **and high concentrations can cause acute renal failure. 170. **CASTS** have tendency to locate **NEAR THE EDGES OF THE COVERSLIP**. 171. **ETHYLENE GLYCOL** (anti-freeze) poisoning: **MONOHYDRATE CAOX** 172. **TRIPLE PHOSPHATE**: coffin-lid or FEATHERY APPEARANCE (as they disintegrate) 173. **MAKLER COUNTING CHAMBER** provides a method for counting **UNDILUTED** seminal fluid. Sperms are immobilized by heating part of the specimen prior to charging the chamber. 174. **COMPUTER-ASSISTED SEMEN ANALYSIS (CASA) **provides OBJECTIVE determination of both SPERM VELOCITY and TRAJECTORY (DIRECTION OF MOTION). 175\. A **maximum of 30 mL AMNIOTIC FLUID** is collected in sterile syringes. The first 2 to 3 mL collected can be contaminated by maternal blood, tissue fluid and cells and are discarded. 176. **OSMOTIC DIARRHEA**: increased RETENTION of water and solutes in the large intestine associated with **MALABSORPTION** **AND MALDIGESTION**. 177. **SECRETORY DIARRHEA**: increased SECRETION of water and electrolytes into the large intestine caused by **BACTERIAL** **ENTEROTOXINS**. 178\. Plasmapheresis donor, total protein **at least 6 g/dL**. 179\. 180. Significant **Antibody titer in HDN**: HARMENING - 4th edition: significant is **32** - 5th edition: significant is **16 to 32** - 6th edition: critical titer is **16** n pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 96% of tumors with CA 19-9 levels \>1,000 U/mL are considered UNRESECTABLE (cannot be removed completely through surgery) 187\. Fungi (dermatophyte) produces macroconidia that are large, multicellular, and club-shaped with smooth walls: EPIDERMOPHYTON FLOCCOSUM 188\. In pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 96% of tumors with CA 19-9 levels \>1,000 U/mL are considered UNRESECTABLE (cannot be removed completely through surgery). 189\. Reporting Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction: either Stimulation Index (SI) or percent relative response (%RR) 190\. ASCHOFF BODIES are nodules found in the hearts of individuals with RHEUMATIC FEVER. 193\. BARR (sex chromatin) BODY or DRUMSTICK: represent the second X chromosome in females and may be seen in 2 to 3% of neutrophils in FEMALES. The number of Barr bodies in a cell is one less than the number of X chromosomes present in a cell. 194\. DOHLE BODIES: rough endoplasmic reticulum containing RNA and may represent localized failure of the cytoplasm to mature. They are found in infections, poisoning, burns and following chemotherapy. 195\. CHEDIAK-HIGASHI: granulocytes usually contain several very large, reddish-purple or greenish-gray staining granules in the cytoplasm; in the monocytes and lymphocytes they stain bluish purple and may be present singly, or there may be several in one cell. These granules represent ABNORMAL LYSOSOMES. 196\. Sickling of the RBCs is maximal at 37C and decreases as the temperature lowers. 197\. Platelets on top of the red cell should not be confused with RBC inclusion body. There is generally a nonstaining halo surrounding the platelet when it is positioned on top of the RBC. 198\. ESR: bubbles and fibrin clots, invalid results 199\. HYGROMETERS: measure HUMIDITY 211\. Antibody enhanced by ACIDIFYING THE PATIENT SERUM: anti-M 212\. Most common cause of transfusion reactions: CLERICAL ERRORS 213\. Donor unit SEAL HAS BEEN BROKEN: DISCARD THE UNIT 214\. Noticeable clots in RBC unit: DO NOT ISSUE THE UNIT, indication of contamination or bacterial growth 215\. FIRST STEP in laboratory investigation of transfusion reaction: CHECK FOR CLERICAL ERRORS 216\. SAGM, ADSOL shelf life: 42 days 217\. REJUVENATION or red blood cells may be performed up to 3 days after the red cell expire 218\. Preparation of leukopoor RBCs: filtering, centrifugation and washing 219\. Longest expiration date: FROZEN RBCs 220\. Component of choice for vWD: CRYOPRECIPITATE 221\. Transfusion of BUFFY COAT IS BEST INDICATED for: NEWBORNS with severe infections 222\. Test performed on blood that will be transfused to an acidotic or hypoxic infant: HEMOGLOBIN S 223\. CD marker responsible for E-rosette formation between T cells and sheep RBCs: CD2 224\. Joining (J) chain: IgM and secretory IgA 225\. Ig that helps initiate the classical complement pathway: IgM and IgG 226\. Primary immune response: IgM 227\. Highest titer in secondary response: IgG 228\. Immunoglobulin crosslinks mast cells to release histamine: IgE 229\. Substance detected by RPR and VDRL test: REAGIN 230\. Test for HIV infection in infants who are born to HIV-positive mothers: PCR 231\. Best indicator of early acute HBV infection: HBsAg 232\. First antibody detected in serum after infection with HBV: anti-HBc 233\. Blood products are tested for which virus before being transfused to newborns: CMV 234\. Anti-smooth muscle (ASMA) antibodies: chronic active hepatitis 235\. Nuclear matrix protein (NMP-22): urinary bladder cancer 236\. Last stage in the erythrocytic series capable of mitosis: POLYCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST 237\. Last nucleated stage in the erythrocytic series: ORTHOCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST 238\. Appearance of primary/nonspecific granules: PROMYELOCYTE 239\. Appearance of secondary/specific granules: MYELOCYTE 240\. Last stage in the granulocytic series capable of mitosis: MYELOCYTE 241\. Youngest cell in the granulocytic series to NORMALLY appear in peripheral blood: BAND 242\. Preferable site for BM aspiration and biopsy in adult: ILIAC CREST 243\. Miller disc is an ocular device to facilitate counting of: RETICULOCYTES 244\. Organ that removes erythrocyte inclusions without destroying the cell: SPLEEN 245\. Megaloblastic anemia: MACROCYTIC, NORMOCHROMIC 246\. Anemia in sickle cell disease: NORMOCYTIC, NORMOCHROMIC 247\. Iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia: MICROCYTIC, HYPOCHROMIC 248\. AUTOSPLENECTOMY occurs in SICKLE CELL ANEMIA 249\. PCH: Anti-P, DONATH-LANDSTEINER ANTIBODY 250\. Major leukocyte in aplastic anemia: LYMPHOCYTES 251\. BITE CELLS in G6PD deficiency 252\. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: schistocytes and nucleated RBCs 253\. ANTIBIOTIC implicated in aplastic anemia: CHLORAMPHENICOL 254\. Type of anemia in acute leukemia: NORMOCYTIC, NORMOCHROMIC 255\. Hodgkin's disease: REED-STERNBERG CELLS 256\. Myelofibrosis: TEARDROP RBCs 257\. DIC is most often associated with M3: acute promyelocytic leukemia 258\. Peripheral smear of patient with MULTIPLE MYELOMA: ROULEAUX 259\. Franklin's disease: GAMMA HEAVY CHAIN DISEASE 260\. TRAP: Hairy cell leukemia 261\. CD 10: Common ALL (CALLA) 262\. PT and APTT result in patient with polycythemia: BOTH PROLONGED 263\. PRIMARY INHIBITOR OF FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM: ALPHA2-ANTIPLASMIN 264\. Lupus anticoagulant is directed against: PHOSPHOLIPID 265\. ASPIRIN inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE 295\. POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES: most frequently used animal is the RABBIT followed by goat, pig, sheep, horse, guinea pig and others 296\. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: MICE 297\. In renal tubular acidosis, the pH of urine is: CONSISTENTLY ALKALINE 298\. Daily loss of protein in urine, normally does not exceed: 150 mg 300\. Hemoglobin differentiated from myoglobin: ammonium sulfate (BLONDHEIM'S TEST) 301\. Sternheimer-Malbin stain: CRYSTAL VIOLET AND SAFRANIN 302\. Pseudocasts: formed by amorphous urates 303\. Moderate hematuria and RBC casts: ACUTE GLOMERULOPNEPHRITIS 304\. Pyuria with bacterial and WBC casts: PYELONEPHRITIS 305\. Crystals appears in urine as long, thin hexagonal plate, and is linked to ingestion of large amounts of benzoic acid: HIPPURIC ACID 306\. Oval fat bodies: lipid-containing RTE cells 307\. GREATEST PROTEINURIA: NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (Heavy Proteinuria \>4 g/day) 308\. Whewellite and weddellite kidney stones: CALCIUM OXALATE 309\. Struvite: TRIPLE PHOSPHATE/magnesium ammonium phosphate 310\. Apatite: CALCIUM PHOSPHATE 311\. Limulus lysate test: Gram negative bacterial endotoxin 312\. Amoeba in CSF: characteristic pseudopod mobility in WET PREP ON PRE-WARMED SLIDE 313\. GOUT: uric acid or monosodium urate 314\. PSEUDOGOUT: calcium pyrophosphate 315\. BEST TEST for determining the status of the fetoplacental unit: SERUM FREE ESTRIOL 316\. SPERM with SMALL OR ABSENT HEADPIECE: acrosomal deficiency 317\. Most common cause of male infertility: VARICOCELE 318\. Stain of choice for SPERM MORPHOLOGY: Pap's stain 319\. Stain to determine SEPRM VIABILITY: EOSIN 333\. Compound normally found in urine that may be used to assess the completeness of a 24-hour urine collection: CREATININE 361\. Total renal BLOOD flow: 1,200 mL/min 362\. Total renal PLASMA flow: 600 to 700 mL/min 363\. Glomerulus serves as nonselective filter (SIEVE) of plasma substances with MW of less than 70,000 daltons 364\. Serum osmolality: 275 to 300 mOsm 365\. Urine osmolality range: 50 and 1,400 mOsm 366\. Normal person excretes approximately 70 mEq/day of acid in the form of titratable acid (H+) or ammonium ions (NH4+) 367\. Urine volume range 600 to 2,000 mL in 24 hours 368\. Urine volume average 1,200 to 1,500 mL in 24 hours 369\. Normal random urine pH: pH 4.5 to 8 370\. First morning urine pH: 5 to 6 371\. 1 g/dL protein, raise urine specific gravity by refractometer or urinometer by 0.003 372\. 1 g/dL glucose, raise urine specific gravity by refractometer or urinometer by 0.004 373\. Calibration of refractometer using distilled water: 1.000 374\. Calibration of refractometer using 5% NaCl: 1.022 ± 0.001 375\. Calibration of refractometer using 9% Sucrose: 1.034 ± 0.001 376\. Urine protein: less than 10 mg/dL or 100 mg/24 hours (Henry less than 150mg/24 hours) 377\. Significant AER: 20 to 200 ug/min or 30 to 300 mg albumin/24 hours 378\. Renal threshold for glucose is 160 to 180 mg/dL 379\. Ketones: 78% BHA, 20% AAA and 2% Acetone 380\. Concentration of myoglobin must be at least 25 mg/dL before a red pigmentation can be visualized 381\. Ehrlich's units (EU) are EQUAL to mg/dL 382\. Normal values for the Addis count: 0 to 500,000 RBCs, 0 to 1,800,000 WBCs and epithelial cells and 0 to 5,000 hyaline casts in a 12-hour urine 383\. Centrifugation for urine microscopic exam: 400 RCF for 5 minutes 384\. Volume of sediment, glass slide method 20 uL or 0.02 mL covered by 22 x 22 mm coverslip 385\. More than 2 RTE cells/hpf indicates tubular injury and specimens should be referred for cytologic urine testing 386\. Approximately 20 mL of CSF is produced every hour in the choroid plexuses and reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi 387\. Total volume in adult: newer edition Strasinger 90 to 150 mL (old edition 140 to 170 mL) 388\. Total volume in neonate: 10 to 60 mL 389\. Normal adult CSF 0 to 5 WBCs/uL 390\. Neonates 0 to 30 WBCs/uL 391\. Reactive lymphocytes in CSF, viral infections 392\. Moderately elevated WBC count (less than 50 WBCs/uL) with increased normal and reactive lymphocytes and plasma cells may be indicative of MS or other degenerating neurologic disorders 393\. Increased eosinophils in CSF: parasitic infections, fungal infections primarily COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS 394\. CSF glucose is approximately 60 to 70 percent that of plasma glucose 395\. Normal CSF protein: 15 to 45 mg/dL 396\. Normal concentration of glutamine in CSF: 8 to 18 mg/dL 397\. Liquefaction within 30 to 60 minutes 398\. Volume 2 to 5 mL 399\. pH 7.2 to 8 400\. Sperm morphology: at least 200 sperms should be evaluated 401\. Sperm viability test: Modified Bloom\'s (eosin-nigrosin) 402\. Motility is evaluate in approximately 20 high-power fields 403\. Sperm concentration: newer edition Strasinger \>20 M to 250 M per mL (old edition: 20 M to 160 M per mL) 404\. Sperm count ≥ 40 M per ejaculate\* 405\. Most common dilution is 1:20 prepared using a MECHANICAL (positive-displacement) rather than a Thoma pipette 406\. Minimum motility of 50% with a rating of 2.0 after 1 hour is considered normal 407\. Fructose ≥ 13 umol per ejaculate 408\. Specimens for fructose should be tested within 2 hours or FROZEN to prevent fructolysis 409\. RAPE, presence of sperm: Enhancing specimen with XYLENE and examining under PHASE MICROSCOPY ACP Seminal glycoprotein p30 (prostatic specific antigen \[PSA\]), which is present even in the absence of sperm ABO, DNA 410\. Motile sperm can be detected for up to 24 hours after intercourse, whereas nonmotile sperm can persist for 3 days. As the sperm die off, only the heads remain and may be present for 7 days after intercourse. SYNOVIAL FLUID 411\. Volume less than 3.5 mL 412\. Normal: clear and pale yellow 413\. Able to form 4 to 6 cm string 414\. Less than 2,000 RBCs/uL 415\. Less than 200 WBCs/uL 416\. Glucose less than 10 mg/dL lower than the blood glucose SEROUS FLUID: TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES 417\. Most reliable differentiation: Fluid-to-blood ratios for protein and LD 418\. WBC counts greater than 1,000/uL and RBC counts greater than 100,000/uL are indicative of an exudate 419\. Pleural fluid cholesterol greater than 60 mg/dL or a pleural fluid to serum cholesterol ratio greater than 0.3 provides a reliable information that the fluid is an exudate 420\. Fluid to serum total bilirubin ratio of 0.6 or more also indicates the presence of an exudate 421\. Pleural fluid pH lower than 7.3 may indicate the need for chest-tube drainage, in addition to antibiotics in cases of pneumonia. The finding of pH as low as 6 indicates esophageal rupture that is allowing the influx of gastric fluid 422\. RBC counts GREATER THAN 100,000/uL are indicative of BLUNT TRAUMA INJURIES 423\. Normal WBC counts are less than 500 cells/uL and the count increases with bacterial peritonitis and cirrhosis 424\. CA 125 antigen, source is from OVARIES, FALLOPIAN TUBES or ENDOMETRIUM 425\. Large intestine is capable of absorbing approximately 3,000 mL of water 426\. Most representative, for fecal fats; 3-day stool collection 427\. Muscle fibers: slide is examined for 5 minutes. Only undigested fibers are counted, and the presence of more than 10 is reported as increased 428\. Bleeding in excess of 2.5 mL/150 gram of stool is considered pathologically significant 429\. Normal stool pH is between 7 and 8 430\. pH below 5.5 in cases of CARBOHYDRATE DISORDERS 474\. Third Taenia: Taenia asiatica or the Taiwan Taenia 475\. Fungal elements fluoresce green with acridine orange 476\. Reporting of normal urine crystals: reported as rare, few, moderate, or many per hpf 477\. Abnormal crystals may be averaged and reported per lpf 478\. Reagent for APT test: 1% NaOH 479\. Infective stage of Leishmania to man: PROMASTIGOTE 480\. Infective stage of Trypanosoma to man: TRYPOMASTIGOTE 481\. Infective stage of Plasmodia to man: SPOROZOITES 482\. Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis: ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS 483\. When an accident involving electrical shock occurs, the ELECTRICAL SOURCE MUST BE REMOVED IMMEDIATELY. 484\. URINARY MEATUS: external urinary opening 485\. POLYURIA: greater than 2.5 L/day in adults 486\. OLIGURIA: less than 400 mL/day in adults 487\. Yellow-orange specimen caused by the administration of phenazopyridine (brand name Pyridium) or azo-gantrisin compounds to people who have urinary tract infections \[drug for UTI: orange and viscous urine\] 488\. CLINITEST tablets contain copper sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, and sodium hydroxide 489\. ACETEST provides sodium nitroprusside, glycine, disodium phosphate, and lactose in tablet form. The addition of lactose gives better color differentiation. Acetest tablets are hygroscopic; if the specimen is not completely absorbed within 30 seconds, a new tablet should be used. 490\. Bence Jones protein coagulates at temperatures between 40°C and 60°C and dissolves when the temperature reaches 100°C. 491\. Automated reagent strip readers: REFLECTANCE PHOTOMETRY 492\. Casts have a tendency to locate NEAR THE EDGES OF THE COVER SLIP 493\. Squamous epithelial cells: Rare, few, moderate, or many per LPF 494\. Transitional epithelial cells: Rare, few, moderate, or many per HPF 495\. RTE CELLS REPORTING: AVERAGE NUMBER PER 10 HPFS 496\. MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES: Acid-albumin and the CTAB tests (+) thick, white turbidity 497\. MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES: Metachromatic staining spot test: BLUE SPOT 498\. Very slight amount of OXYHEMOGLOBIN: PINK CSF 499\. Conversion of oxyhemoglobin to unconjugated bilirubin: YELLOW CSF 500\. Heavy hemolysis: ORANGE CSF 501\. Red or brown seminal fluid: BLOOD 502\. Normal appearance of gastric fluid: PALE GRAY with mucus 503\. Amniotic fluid OD 450: When BILIRUBIN is present, a rise in OD is seen at 450 nm because this is the wavelength of maximum bilirubin absorption. 504\. Rare: 0--10 bacteria/hpf 505\. Few: 10--50 bacteria/hpf 506\. Moderate: 50--200 bacteria/hpf 507\. Many: \>200 bacteria/hpf 508\. First layer of spun hematocrit: FATTY LAYER 509\. Second layer of spun hematocrit: PLASMA 510\. Third layer of spun hematocrit: BUFFY COAT 511\. Bottom layer of spun hematocrit: PACKED CELLS 512\. Patients with CML negative for the Philadelphia chromosome: POOR PROGNOSIS 513\. LEUKOCYTOSIS \>11 x 10 9th/L 514\. Forward light scatter: CELL SIZE 515\. Side light scatter: CELL GRANULARITY 516\. KERATOCYTES: helmet cells/with horn-like projections 517\. ANTI-dsDNA: most specific antibody for SLE 518\. Anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA): CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS 519\. Polymerase chain reaction: MOLECULAR 520\. Restriction fragment length polymorphism: MOLECULAR 521\. Enhanced by acidifying patient serum: anti-M 522\. Wiener and coworkers gave a name to one such agglutinin, calling its antigen I for "individuality." The ANTIBODY REACTED WITH MOST BLOOD SPECIMENS tested. 523\. For patients with history of FEBRILE NONHEMOLYTIC TRANSF REACTION: LEUKOPOOR RBCs 524\. Irradiation of blood components: CESIUM 525\. CORDOCENTESIS, or PERCUTANEOUS UMBILICAL BLOOD SAMPLING (PUBS), results in a fetal blood specimen that can be used for rapid karyotyping or molecular studies. 526\. Nuclear matrix protein (NMP-22): URINARY BLADDER CANCER 527\. CARD PREGNANCY/POSITIVE: Two separate black or gray bands, one at T and the other at C, are visible in the results window, indicating that the specimen contains detectable levels of hCG. Although the intensity of the test band may vary with different specimens, the appearance of two distinct bands should be interpreted as a positive result. 528\. CARD PREGNANCY/NEGATIVE: If no band appears at T and a black or gray band is visible at the C position, the test can be considered negative, indicating that a detectable level of hCG is not present. 529\. CARD PREGNANCY/INVALID: If no band appears at C or incomplete or beaded bands appear at the T or C position, the test is invalid. The test should be repeated using another Card Pregnancy Test device. 530\. CARD PREGNANCY: If the test band appears VERY FAINT, it is recommended that a new sample be collected 48 hours later and tested again using another Card Pregnancy Test device. 531\. The standard screening method for HIV antibody has been the ELISA, and the standard confirmatory test is the Western blot. 532\. Aside from Western blot, other confirmatory tests, including indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA), line immunoassays, and rapid confirmatory tests, have also been developed. 533\. HBs ag: active infection 534\. HBe ag: active hepatitis B with HIGH DEGREE OF INFECTIVITY 535\. IgM anti-HBc: current or recent acute hepatitis B 536\. Total anti-HBc: current or past hepatitis B 537\. Anti-HBe: recovery from hepatitis B 538\. Anti-HBs: immunity to hepatitis B 539\. HBV DNA: acute, atypical, or occult hepatitis B; viral load may be used to monitor effectiveness of therapy 540\. ITIS: inflammation 431\. SCREENING PROCEDURE that is helpful in the diagnosis of many diseases, it is one indicator of the body's ability to fight disease, it is used to MONITOR the effects of drug and radiation therapy, and it may be employed as an INDICATOR OF PATIENT'S PROGRESS in certain diseased states such as infection or anemia. HEMATOCRIT 432\. TRAPPED PLASMA: amount of plasma that still remains in RBC portion after the microhematocrit has been spun. Increased in macrocytic anemias, spherocytosis, thalassemia, hypochromic anemia and sickle cell anemia 433\. When comparing spun hematocrit results obtained on an electronic cell counter, the spun hematocrit results vary from 1 to 3% HIGHER because of this trapped plasma (unless cell counter has been calibrated). 434\. Anticoagulated blood should be centrifuged within 6 hours of collection when the blood is stored at room temperature. 435\. Overanticoagulation: FALSELY LOW due to shrinkage of cells 436\. Air bubbles denote poor technique but do not affect the results 437\. Incomplete sealing of the microhematocrit tubes: FALSELY LOW 438\. Inadequate centrifugation of the microhematocrit tubes or allowing the tubes to stand longer than several minutes after centrifugation: FALSELY ELEVATED 439\. Hematocrit may be expressed in either of two ways (1) as percentage, e.g., 42% or (2) as a decimal point, e.g., 0.42. WHITE BLOOD CELLS COUNT 440\. Count above 11 x 10 9th/L is termed LEUKOCYTOSIS 441\. Mix the Thoma pipet for approximately 3 minutes (Brown) to ensure hemolysis and adequate mixing \[Rodak 10 minutes\] PLEASE FOLLOW RODAK, 10 MINUTES. 442\. Manual counts, no more than 10-cell variation between the four squares PLATELET COUNT 443\. Prolonged BT and poor clot retraction are found when there is marked thrombocytopenia 444\. EDTA: decreased platelet clumping but increased MPV 445\. If concentration of EDTA exceeds 2mg/mL of whole blood, platelets may SWELL AND THEN FRAGMENT, causing invalidly higher count 446\. Using Rees-Ecker diluting fluid, the platelet count must be completed within 30 minutes of diluting in order to ensure against platelet DISINTEGRATION 447\. 1% ammonium oxalate, the dilution is stable for 8 hours ERTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE 448\. Macrocytes tend to settle more rapidly than microcytes 449\. Anisocytosis and poikilocytosis: falsely lower ESR 450\. Agglutination: more rapid sedimentation rate 451\. In severe anemia: ESR IS MARKEDLY INCREASED The ESR of patients with severe anemia is of little diagnostic value, because it will be falsely elevated. SUGAR WATER TEST 452\. Citrated whole blood 453\. In anemia, the hemolysis may be slightly increased in PNHnegative specimens 454\. Use of defibrinated blood may cause positive results due to the hemolysis of traumatized RBCs 455\. Test should be performed WITHIN 2 HOURS of obtaining the specimen SUCROSE HEMOLYSIS TEST 456\. Citrated whole blood 457\. Increased hemolysis (\