Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the Alanine Aminotransferase Test (ALT) indicate?
What does the Alanine Aminotransferase Test (ALT) indicate?
What is the purpose of the Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test?
What is the purpose of the Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test?
To determine Alpha-fetoprotein levels in pregnant women during the second trimester of pregnancy.
Elevated levels of Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) indicate liver damage.
Elevated levels of Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) indicate liver damage.
True
The Anmonia test measures the level that could indicate cirrhosis and hepatitis in the ____.
The Anmonia test measures the level that could indicate cirrhosis and hepatitis in the ____.
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Match the following blood tests with their corresponding indications:
Match the following blood tests with their corresponding indications:
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What is indicated by hematuria?
What is indicated by hematuria?
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What does a positive nitrite test result indicate?
What does a positive nitrite test result indicate?
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Hematuria could be due to _______, infection, or trauma.
Hematuria could be due to _______, infection, or trauma.
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Match the following clinical areas with their descriptions:
Match the following clinical areas with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Hematology
- Hematocrit (Hct) measures hemoglobin level and red cell count to rule out anemia
- Hemoglobin (Hgb) values rule out anemia
- Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count measures erythropoietic activity
- White Blood Cell (WBC) Count measures leukocyte response
- Platelet Count measures chemotherapy and radiation conditions
- Differential White Blood Cell Count shows changes in specific cell types
- Indices show changes in RBC size, weight, and Hgb content
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) measures weight of hemoglobin in the cell
- Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) measures size of the cell
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) measures concentration of hemoglobin per unit volume of RBCs
- Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) measures size differences of RBCs
Coagulation
- Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) measures adequacy of heparin therapy
- D-dimer measures thrombin and plasmin activity
- Fibrin Split Products (FSP) measures amount of fibrin degradation products in the blood
- Fibrinogen Test measures fibrinogen levels in the blood
- Prothrombin Time (PT) or International Normalized Ratio (INR) measures liver diseases or Vitamin K deficiency
Chemistry
- Alanine Aminotransferase Test (ALT) measures liver damage
- Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) measures alpha-fetoprotein levels in pregnant women during the second trimester
- Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) Test measures the amount of alkaline in the bloodstream enzyme
- Ammonia measures the level that could indicate cirrhosis and hepatitis
- Amylase checks the enzyme level that could indicate liver disease, cholesystitis, etc.
- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test (AST) measures levels of aspartate aminotransferase enzyme that may indicate liver damage
- Bilirubin Test measures the amount of bilirubin levels in the bloodstream that could indicate red blood cell destruction
- Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) measures acid-base balance by measuring pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and oxygen
- Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood, which could determine impaired renal function
- B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Test measures levels of the BNP hormone in the blood that could indicate congestive heart failure
- C-reactive Protein High Sensitivity (hs-CRP) measures the level of CRP
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Test measures CEA protein levels in the blood that could help diagnose and manage certain types of cancers
- Blood Calcium measures the total amount of calcium in the blood that could help determine or monitor the effects of renal failure
- Total Cholesterol measures the risk of cardiovascular diseases
- Cortisol shows adrenal hypofunction and hyperfunction
- Creatine Kinase (CK) is used to check muscle damage
- Creatinine checks for cases that indicate renal impairment or muscular dystrophy
- Drug Analysis monitors therapeutic range to avoid toxic levels for drugs
- Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, CO₂) measure the sodium values that determine disorder of the kidney and adrenals
- Glucose is used to check diabetes, liver disease, or malnutrition
- Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) is used for diagnosis of liver, specifically hepatobiliary problems
- Hemoglobin A1C determines glycosylated hemoglobin level
- Lactate dehydrogenase checks lung, kidney, and liver dysfunction
- Lipase shows the level that could lead to pancreatitis or pancreatic carcinoma
- Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) tests screen patients for the presence of prostate cancer
- Total Protein is used to check liver and kidney disorders
- Triglycerides serve as an index in the evaluation of atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism disorder
- Troponin is used for early diagnosis of small myocardial infarcts
- Uric Acid Test measures levels that indicate gout and renal problems
- Vitamin B12 and Folate Tests are used to check for anemia and diseases of the small intestine
Serology/Immunology
- Bacterial Studies measure antinuclear antibody (ANA) that shows autoimmune disorders
- Antistreptolysin-O (ASO) Titer indicates streptococcal infection
- Cold Agglutination Test checks for atypical pneumonia
- Febrile Agglutination Test shows the presence of antibodies to specific organisms
- FTA-ABS confirms syphilis
- Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) is used when positive, it is indicative of syphilis but needs confirmation
- Rheumatoid Factor (RF) indicates rheumatoid arthritis
- Viral Studies screen for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- Anti-HIV screens for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- Cytomegalovirus Antibody (CMV) is a confirmatory test for CMV antibody
- Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) checks for the presence of heterophil antibody, which indicates infectious mononucleosis
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBSAg) checks for the presence of hepatitis antigen on the surface of red cells
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Test is present when the patient is pregnant
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP) indicates inflammation when levels are increased
Urinalysis
- Physical Evaluation indicates the presence of blood, melanin, bilirubin, or urobilin in the urine specimen
- Chemical Evaluation measures the presence of blood, bilirubin, glucose, ketones, leukocyte, nitrite, pH, and urobilinogen
- Microscopic Evaluation shows the status of the urinary tract, hematuria, pyuria, etc.
Microbiology
- Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) is used to monitor the treatment for TB
- Blood Culture checks for the presence of bacteria indicative of bacteremia or septicemia
- Campylobacter-like Organism (CLO) Test shows the presence of Helicobacter pylori
- Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) indicates infection if there is growth in the pathogenic microorganism
- Fungus Culture and Identification determines the type of fungi if present
- Gram Stain is done to allow antimicrobial therapy while waiting for culture results
- Occult Blood checks for blood in the stool which could result from gastrointestinal bleeding
- Ova and Parasites (O&P) Exam solves “etiology unknown” intestinal disorders
Blood Bank/Immunohematology
- Antibody Screen shows the presence of abnormal antibodies in the blood
- Direct Antihuman-globulin Test (DAT) determines transfusion incompatibility
- ABO and Rh Type shows the ABO and Rh blood groups
- Type and Crossmatch shows the blood group and screens for antibodies in the recipient's blood
- Compatibility Testing detects antibodies and antigen in both recipient's and donor's blood
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Description
This quiz covers the principles of medical laboratory science, focusing on hematology and chemistry, including the Alanine Aminotransferase Test (ALT).
