Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 2 (Lecture) PDF

PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2 (LECTURE) LPU – ST CABRINI COLLEGE OF ALLIED MEDICINE WEEK 14 BS MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – MLS 1-2 LECTURE NO. 11...

PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2 (LECTURE) LPU – ST CABRINI COLLEGE OF ALLIED MEDICINE WEEK 14 BS MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – MLS 1-2 LECTURE NO. 11 CHEMISTRY CLINICAL AREA HEMATOLOGY 1. Alanine Aminotransferase Test (ALT) o Liver damage 1. Hematocrit (Hct) 2. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) o Hemoglobin level and red cell count o Alpha-fetoprotein levels in pregnant 2. Hemoglobin (Hgb) women during the second trimester o Values that rule out anemia of pregnancy 3. Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count 3. Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) Test o Erythropoietic activity o Amount of alkaline in the 4. White Blood Cell (WBC) Count bloodstream enzyme o Leukocyte response 4. Ammonia 5. Platelet Count o Measures the level that could o Chemotherapy and radiation indicate cirrhosis and hepatitis conditions 5. Amylase 6. Differential White Blood Cell Count o Checks the enzyme level that could o Changes in the appearance or indicate liver disease, cholesystitis, quantity of specific cell types etc. 7. Indices 6. Aspartate Aminotransferase Test (AST) o Show the changes in RBC size, o Levels of aspartate weight, and Hgb content aminotransferase enzyme that may 8. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) indicate liver damage o Weight of the hemoglobin in the cell 7. Bilirubin Test 9. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) o Amount of bilirubin levels in the o Size of the cell bloodstream that could indicate red 10. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin blood destruction Concentration (MCHC) 8. Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) o Concentration of the hemoglobin o Acid-base balance by measuring per unit volume of RBCs the pH, partial pressure of the 11. Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) carbon dioxide and oxygen o Size differences of the RBCs 9. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) o Amount of urea nitrogen found in COAGULATION blood, which could determine impaired renal function 1. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time 10. B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Test (APTT) o Levels of the BNP hormone in the o Adequacy of heparin therapy blood which could indicate 2. D-dimer congestive heart failure o Thrombin and plasmin activity 11. C-reactive Protein High Sensitivity (hs- 3. Fibrin Split Products (FSP) CRP) o Amount of fibrin degradation o Level of CRP products (FDPs) in the blood 12. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Test 4. Fibrinogen Test o CEA protein levels in the blood that o Fibrinogen levels in the blood may help diagnose and manage 5. Prothrombin Time (PT) or International certain types of cancers Normalized Ratio (INR) 13. Blood Calcium o Liver diseases or deficiency in o Total amount of calcium in the Vitamin K blood, which could help determine or monitor the effects of renal failure 14. Total Cholesterol o Indicates risk of cardiovascular diseases 1  PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2 (LECTURE) LPU – ST CABRINI COLLEGE OF ALLIED MEDICINE WEEK 14 BS MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – MLS 1-2 LECTURE NO. 11 15. Cortisol SEROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY o Shows adrenal hypofunction and hyperfunction 1. Bacterial Studies 16. Creatine Kinase (CK) o Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) o used to check muscle damage ▪ Shows autoimmune 17. Creatinine disorders such as o Checks for cases that indicate renal systematic lupus impairment or muscular dystrophy erythematosus 18. Drug Analysis o Antistreptolysin-O (ASO) Titer o Monitors therapeutic range to avoid ▪ Indicates streptococcal toxic levels for drugs infection 19. Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, o Cold Agglutinins chloride, CO₂) ▪ Checks cases of atypical o Show the sodium values that pneumonia determine disorder of the kidney o Febrile Agglutination Test and adrenals ▪ Shows the presence of 20. Glucose antibodies to specific o Used to check diabetes, liver organisms disease, or malnutrition o FTA-ABS 21. Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) ▪ Confirms syphilis o Used for diagnosis of liver, o Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) specifically hepatobiliary problems ▪ When positive, it is 22. Hemoglobin A1C indicative of syphilis but it o Determines glycosylated still needs confirmation hemoglobin level o Rheumatoid Factor (RF) 23. Lactate dehydrogenase ▪ Indicates rheumatoid o Checks lung, kidney, and liver arthritis dysfunction 2. Viral Studies 24. Lipase o Anti-HIV o Shows the level that could lead to ▪ Screens human either pancreatitis or pancreatic immunodeficiency virus carcinoma o Cytomegalovirus Antibody (CMV) 25. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) ▪ A confirmatory test for o Test that screens patients for the CMV antibody presence of prostate cancer o Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) 26. Total Protein ▪ Checks for the presence of o Used to check liver and kidney heterophil antibody, which disorders indicates infectious 27. Triglycerides mononucleisis o Serve as index in the evaluation of o Hepatitis B Surface Antigen atherosclerosis and lipid (HBSAg) metabolism disorder ▪ Checks for the presence of 28. Troponin hepatitis antigen on the o Used for early diagnosis of small surface of the red cells myocardial infarcts 3. General Studies 29. Uric Acid Test o C-Reactive Protein (CRP) o Used to check levels that indicate ▪ Indicates inflammation gout and renal problems when levels are increased 30. Vitamin B12 and Folate Tests o Human Chorionic Gonadotropin o Used to check for anemia and (HCG) Test diseases of the small intestine ▪ The hormone is present when patient is pregnant 2  PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2 (LECTURE) LPU – ST CABRINI COLLEGE OF ALLIED MEDICINE WEEK 14 BS MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – MLS 1-2 LECTURE NO. 11 URINALYSIS 3. Microscopic Evaluation o Shows the status of the urinary 1. Physical Evaluation tract, hematuria, pyuria, etc. o Color ▪ Indicates the presence of MICROBIOLOGY blood melanin, bilirubin, or urobilin in the urine 1. Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) specimen o Used to monitor the treatment for o Clarity/transparency TB ▪ Shows the presence of fat, 2. Blood Culture chyle, or bacteria which o Checks for the presence of bacteria affect the turbidity indicative of bacteremia or o Specific gravity septicemia ▪ Suggests renal tubular 3. Campylobacter-like Organism (CLO) Test involvement or ADH o Shows the presence of Helicobacter deficiency pylori 4. Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) 2. Chemical Evaluation o Indicates infection if there is growth o Blood in the pathogenic microorganism ▪ Hematuria could be due to 5. Fungus Culture and Identification hemorrhage, infection, or o Used to determine the type of fungi trauma if present o Bilirubin 6. Gram Stain ▪ Helps differentiate o It is done to allow antimicrobial between obstructive therapy while waiting for culture jaundice and hemolytic results jaundice 7. Occult Blood o Glucose o Checks for blood in the stool which ▪ Glucosuria may be a result could result from gastrointestinal of diabetes mellitus, renal bleeding impairments 8. Ova and Parasites (O&P) Exam o Ketones o Solves “etiology unknown” intestinal ▪ Uncontrolled diabetes disorders mellitus or starvation o Leukocyte BLOOD BANK/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY ▪ Indicates urinary tract infection if there is a lot of 1. Antibody (Ab) Screen neutrophils o Agglutination means presence of o pH abnormal antibodies in the blood ▪ Indicates the acid-base 2. Direct Antihuman-globulin Test (DAT) balance o Determines transfusion o Protein incompatibility ▪ Proteinura is an indicator 3. ABO and Rh Type of renal dysfunction or o Shows the ABO and Rh blood disorder groups o Nitrite 4. Type and Crossmatch ▪ Positive results could o Shows the blood group and screens mean bacterial infection for antibodies in the recipient's o Urobilinogen blood ▪ Increases in amount when 5. Compatibility Testing the patient suffers from o Detects antibodies and antigen in hepatitic issues both recipient's and donor's blood 3  PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2 (LECTURE) LPU – ST CABRINI COLLEGE OF ALLIED MEDICINE WEEK 14 BS MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – MLS 1-2 LECTURE NO. 11 CLINICAL AREA Hematology Blood and blood-forming tissues Coagulation Ability of blood to form and dissolve clots Chemistry Amounts of certain chemicals in a blood sample Serology/Immunology Serum and autoimmune reactions in the blood Urinalysis Tests urine specimen Microbiology Microorganisms in body fluids or tissues Blood Bank/Immunohematology Blood for transfusion 4