Medical Interventions and Pathogen Identification
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a medical intervention?

  • To provide treatment for chronic diseases
  • To assist in the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of disease (correct)
  • To offer psychological counseling
  • To enhance athletic performance

    • Which of the following methods is NOT used to identify an unknown pathogen during an outbreak investigation?

  • Using a microscope to visualize the pathogen (correct)
  • DNA sequencing with an automated sequencer
  • Testing serum with an ELISA test
  • Inputting the DNA sequence into BLAST

    • Which action would likely determine the original source of an infection among a group of people?

  • Conducting a physical examination of each individual
  • Running a DNA sequencing test on all individuals
  • Administering a vaccine to everyone in the group
  • Performing an ELISA test for the specific pathogen antigen (correct)

    • Which of the following pathogens was believed to be positive for meningitis in the case regarding Sue Smith?

    <p>Jill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of gene transfer occurred between the two strains of E.coli in the lab?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of PCR in DNA sequencing?

    <p>To amplify DNA segments for analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strain of E.coli had the gene for ampicillin resistance?

    <p>E.coli II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can researchers confirm the identity of a pathogen after obtaining its DNA sequence?

    <p>By comparing it to a database using BLAST</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of medical interventions that could assist an athlete?

    <p>Taking daily vitamins, practicing injury prevention, and maintaining a balanced diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of DNA is responsible for ampicillin resistance in E.coli II?

    <p>Plasmid DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following individuals was diagnosed with influenza in the meningitis case?

    <p>Arnie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    E.coli I's resistance to which antibiotic is coded on its chromosomal DNA?

    <p>Streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What result occurred on the plate containing both ampicillin and streptomycin?

    <p>Neither strain grew</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene transfer method requires direct contact between bacterial cells?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of DNA is transferred during conjugation?

    <p>Plasmid DNA only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why didn't any bacteriophage contribute to the gene transfer in the lab?

    <p>DNA was not injected by a virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of fluoroquinolones on bacterial cells?

    <p>They inhibit enzymes that maintain DNA supercoiling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria can sulfonamides effectively target?

    <p>Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of cochlear implants?

    <p>They do not assist with central auditory processing disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a bacterium is sensitive to an antibiotic based on the zone of inhibition?

    <p>A clear area exists around the antibiotic disk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic, what does this imply?

    <p>The bacteria can continue to grow despite the antibiotic's presence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited as the father of vaccination?

    <p>Edward Jenner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are symptoms of viral infections treated differently from bacterial infections?

    <p>Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine uses inactivated pathogens to provoke an immune response?

    <p>Inactivated/Killed vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a live-attenuated vaccine?

    <p>Varicella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tetracyclines hinder bacterial growth?

    <p>They inhibit the attachment of tRNA to the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when a bacteria is described as having mechanisms of resistance?

    <p>The bacteria can mutate to avoid the effects of the antibiotic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of inactivated vaccines compared to live-attenuated vaccines?

    <p>They require more boosters for long-term immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogens can be effectively treated with antibiotics?

    <p>Meningitis and strep throat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of toxoid vaccines is modified to create immunity?

    <p>The toxin released by the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cochlear implants is accurate?

    <p>They require rigorous training for effective use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of subunit vaccines?

    <p>They contain only pieces of the pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of a patient not taking their antibiotic as prescribed?

    <p>The bacteria may develop resistance and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the ear is responsible for collecting sound and funneling it to the auditory canal?

    <p>Pinna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear contains fluid that helps maintain balance?

    <p>Semicircular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

    <p>Vibrates in response to sound and transmits vibrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure marks the boundary between the middle and inner ear?

    <p>Oval window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the cochlea in the inner ear?

    <p>Converts vibrations into a neural signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the body when an antibiotic is not taken consistently?

    <p>Bacteria adapt and may become more resistant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Eustachian tube?

    <p>Connecting the middle ear with the pharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the ear forms the linkage to transmit vibrations to the inner ear?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ear structure is responsible for decompressing acoustic energy that enters the cochlea?

    <p>Round window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA ligase in the process of recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>To seal the gaps between the inserted gene and the plasmid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sticky ends from blunt ends in DNA fragments?

    <p>Sticky ends have unpaired bases due to overhanging ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an epidemiologist during an outbreak?

    <p>To search for the disease's cause and control its spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of inserting Hepatitis B DNA into plasmid DNA, how many cuts were made in the plasmid DNA?

    <p>One cut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula to calculate the food specific attack rate?

    <p>Number of individuals who are ill / total number of people affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of a cohort study?

    <p>Follows exposed and non-exposed individuals over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a guideline when inserting DNA into plasmids?

    <p>Cut both viral and plasmid DNA multiple times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary outcome of bacteria absorbing recombinant plasmids?

    <p>They can express new genes like insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Medical Interventions

    • A medical intervention is something that helps with the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of disease.
    • Examples include attending practice and conditioning, stretching, taking vitamins, and eating well.

    Investigating an Outbreak

    • Identifying an unknown pathogen:
      • Sequence the pathogen's DNA using an automated sequencer.
      • Use BLAST to identify the pathogen.
      • Perform an ELISA test with the pathogen's antigen to determine if someone is infected.
    • Determining the source of an infection:
      • Identify the infecting pathogen using ELISA.
      • Identify the person who has had the infection longest by measuring the highest antigen concentration.

    Using DNA to Identify a Pathogen

    • DNA sequencing: Fluorescent dideoxynucleotides stop DNA replication at a specific base, creating fragments of different lengths.
    • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Used to amplify DNA fragments for sequencing.
    • BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool): Used to compare unknown DNA sequences with known sequences in a database to identify potential pathogens.

    ELISA

    • Pathogens: Disease-causing agents (bacteria, viruses, etc.).
    • Antigens: Protein markers on living cells that trigger an immune response.
    • Antibodies: Proteins created by B cells to attach to antigens, marking them for destruction.
    • Indirect ELISA: Antigen in the well, primary antibody, secondary antibody conjugated with enzyme, substrate. Color change when enzyme and substrate meet.

    ELISA Results

    • Qualitative results indicate the presence or absence of an antigen, e.g., a person has 100 ug/mL of antigens.
    • Quantitative results show amounts/concentrations of antigens, indicated by the darkness of the color change.

    Serial Dilution

    • Calculations for tube dilutions: (sample)/(sample + diluent).
    • Tube 1 always will be 1/2.
    • If numerator is not 1, reduce it until it's 1.
    • If sample and diluent size are the same, tube dilution size will be the same for all tubes, and final tube dilution is the same for tube 1.

    Antibiotic Therapy

    • Gram-positive bacteria: Thick peptidoglycan layer, purple in Gram stain, produces exotoxins.
    • Gram-negative bacteria: Thin peptidoglycan layer, red/pink in Gram stain, produces endotoxins.
    • Antibiotics only target bacterial structures.

    Attack of the Superbugs

    • Gene transfer methods:
      • Conjugation: Direct contact via sex pilus.
      • Transformation: Uptake of dead bacterial DNA.
      • Transduction: Virus injects DNA into bacterial cells.

    Cochlear Implants

    • Cochlear implants are electronic devices used for individuals with bilateral, severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss.
    • It does not come preloaded with language information.
    • Cochlear implants are to help restore hearing for those with such hearing loss.

    Disease Prevention Through Vaccination

    • Types of vaccines:
      • Live-attenuated: Weakened pathogens.
      • Inactivated/Killed: Killed pathogens.
      • Toxoid: Inactivated toxins.
      • Subunit: Pieces of pathogens.
      • Conjugated: Pathogen pieces with carrier proteins.

    Herd Immunity

    • Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of the population is immune to a disease, protecting those not immune.

    Epidemiologist's Role

    • Epidemiologist's role: Identify risk factors, stop the spread, intervene.

    Cohort and Case Control Studies

    • Cohort studies: Follow exposed and unexposed groups over time to see incidence of disease.
    • Case-control studies: Compare individuals with a disease to individuals without, looking backward for potential risk factors.

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    Related Documents

    MI Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Explore the crucial role of medical interventions in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This quiz delves into the methods for identifying unknown pathogens, including DNA sequencing, ELISA tests, and the use of PCR in outbreak investigations.

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