Medical Interventions and Pathogen Identification

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Questions and Answers

What is a medical intervention?

Any medication prescribed by a doctor

A procedure solely for pain relief

Something that helps with prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of disease (correct)

Any activity that promotes physical fitness

Which method is used to identify the pathogen causing an outbreak?

DNA sequencing with an automated sequencer (correct)

Antibody therapy

Blood transfusion

Physical examination of patients

What role does the ELISA test play in identifying infections?

It measures blood sugar levels

It determines the concentration of vitamins in the blood

It confirms the presence of specific pathogen antigens (correct)

It identifies blood type

What is the significance of the person with the highest concentration of antigens in an outbreak?

They have been sick the longest Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of DNA sequencing?

It provides a sequence of the pathogen's DNA Signup and view all the answers

How is PCR utilized in the process of DNA sequencing?

To create an amplified sample of DNA Signup and view all the answers

Who was confirmed positive for meningitis in the scenario?

Sue, Jill, Maria, and Marco Signup and view all the answers

Which medical interventions can assist an athlete?

Stretching before physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What role do dideoxynucleotides play in DNA sequencing?

They stop DNA replication at specific bases. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most significant in determining the likely pathogen from the BLAST search results?

Maximum identical score. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune response?

To mark foreign cells for destruction. Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly represents the order of components in an indirect ELISA test?

Antigen, primary antibody, secondary antibody, substrate. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pathogens from antigens?

Pathogens can trigger an immune response; antigens are markers on cells. Signup and view all the answers

How do qualitative and quantitative results differ in an ELISA test?

Qualitative results determine presence or absence, while quantitative results measure the amount present. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines pathogens?

Organisms or agents that cause disease. Signup and view all the answers

What color change in an ELISA test indicates a reaction?

The well exhibits a color change upon mixing enzyme and substrate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?

To screen embryos for genetic disorders before implantation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common method of fetal screening?

X-ray imaging Signup and view all the answers

What condition would most likely benefit from screening a couple for autosomal recessive alleles?

Tay-Sachs disease Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes newborn screenings?

They assess babies for genetic and metabolic conditions after birth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive traits?

Autosomal dominant traits manifest with just one copy, while recessive traits require two copies. Signup and view all the answers

What is a genetic disorder caused by a change in the DNA sequence of one gene?

Single gene disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a patient not taking their antibiotic as prescribed?

Bacteria can reproduce and potentially become resistant. Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type genotype corresponds to blood type O?

ii Signup and view all the answers

Which ear structure is responsible for collecting sounds and funneling them to the auditory canal?

Pinna Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genetic disorder is inherited exclusively from the mother?

Mitochondrial disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

Vibrates in response to sound waves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of multifactorial genetic disorders?

They are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the boundary between the middle and inner ear?

Oval window Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a chromosomal disorder?

Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which middle ear structure aids in transmitting sound energy from the outer ear to the inner ear?

Tympanic cavity Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would carrier screening be particularly beneficial?

A couple with a family history of autosomal recessive diseases Signup and view all the answers

What role do the semicircular canals play in the ear?

They help maintain balance through fluid motion. Signup and view all the answers

Which describes the difference between autosomal and sex-linked traits?

Autosomal traits are irrelevant to gender. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is linked to the tympanic membrane?

Incus Signup and view all the answers

What does the cochlea do?

Transforms vibrations into a neural signal. Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential outcomes for a carrier of an autosomal recessive disorder?

They can have affected children if both parents are carriers. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure decompresses acoustic energy in the cochlea?

Round window Signup and view all the answers

What can result from improperly taking antibiotics?

Increased likelihood of bacterial infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA ligase in the process of creating a recombinant plasmid?

To form bonds between the plasmid and the gene of interest Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sticky ends from blunt ends during DNA recombination?

Sticky ends have unpaired bases while blunt ends do not Signup and view all the answers

When cutting plasmid DNA for genetic recombination, how many cuts are made to the plasmid?

One cut in the plasmid Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main tasks of an epidemiologist during an outbreak?

Identifying individuals who are at risk Signup and view all the answers

How is the food-specific attack rate calculated?

<h1>of individuals who are ill / total # of individuals affected</h1> Signup and view all the answers

In a cohort study, what is primarily compared to determine the incidence of disease?

Exposed individuals versus non-exposed individuals over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of making specific cuts without affecting certain areas in the viral DNA during genetic modification?

To preserve crucial functionalities like antibiotic resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of a case-control study?

It involves comparison with a group without the disease Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Medical Interventions Inventory

A medical intervention helps with prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of disease.
Examples of medical interventions include: attending practice, stretching, taking daily vitamins, and eating well for an athlete.

Investigating an Outbreak

To identify a pathogen, test individuals suspected of being sick. Use an automated sequencer.
Input the DNA sequence into BLAST to identify the pathogen.
Use an ELISA test to check for pathogen infection antigen.
Persons with the highest concentration of antigens have likely been sick the longest.

Using DNA to Identify a Pathogen

DNA sequencing uses dideoxynucleotides to stop DNA replication at specific bases.
This results in fragments of various lengths, which are identified by an automatic sequencer.
BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) is used to identify pathogens by matching nucleotide sequences.
E. coli 0157:H7 has the highest maximum identical score in the example.

ELISA

Pathogens are disease-causing agents.
Antigens are proteins on living cells—foreign antigens trigger immune responses.
Antibodies are proteins created by B cells to target antigens for destruction.
ELISA can provide both qualitative and quantitative results. Color intensity in ELISA wells indicates antigen concentration.

Serial Dilution

Tube dilution is calculated using the formula (sample) / (sample + diluent).
The formula for final dilution is tube dilution fraction multiplied with the concentration or using the concentration divided by the denominator.
Tube examples are 1:2, 1:4,1:8, and 1:16.

Antibiotic Therapy

Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan cell walls and stain purple.
Gram-negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan cell walls and stain red/pink.
Antibiotics target bacterial structures, not viral ones.

Which Antibiotic is the Best Choice?

Resistance means an antibiotic no longer effectively kills a bacteria.
Sensitivity means the antibiotic kills the bacteria.
The zone of inhibition is the area around an antibiotic disk where bacteria do not grow.

Attack of the Superbugs

Gene transfer methods—conjugation, transformation, transduction—can lead to antibiotic resistance.
Conjugation involves direct contact, transformation involves taking up DNA, and transduction involves viruses transferring DNA.
The example in the study involves E. coli I and E. coli II transferring DNA.

Cochlear Implants

Cochlear implants restore hearing for individuals with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss.
They provide improved communication abilities.
Cochlear implants do not correct conductive hearing loss.

Disease Prevention Through Vaccination

Various types of vaccines exist: live attenuated, inactivated/killed, toxoid, subunit, and conjugated.
Live attenuated vaccines use weakened pathogens.
Inactivated vaccines use killed pathogens.
Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins from pathogens.
Subunit vaccines use purified pathogen components.
Conjugated vaccines combine a component of the pathogen with a carrier protein.

Herd Immunity

Herd immunity occurs when a large population is immune to a disease.
Vaccination contributes to herd immunity by increasing immunity in a population.

Life of an Epidemiologist

Epidemiologists investigate disease outbreaks, identifying risk factors, and controlling or preventing future outbreaks.
Cohort studies follow exposed and unexposed groups over time.
Case-control studies compare people with a disease to those without.

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Description

This quiz explores essential concepts related to medical interventions, the identification of pathogens, and various testing methods such as ELISA and DNA sequencing. It also discusses the implications of antigen concentration during outbreaks and specific medical interventions for athletes. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in health and medicine.