PLTW Medical Interventions Unit 1

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Questions and Answers

What is a medical intervention?

  • Any measure to improve health (correct)
  • A specific agent of disease
  • An increase in disease incidence
  • A chart of patient symptoms

What is a pathogen?

  • A specific agent of disease (correct)
  • A chart of risk factors
  • A measure for health
  • A sudden rise in disease incidence

What is an outbreak?

A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease.

What does the Patient Symptoms/Risk Factors Organizer do?

<p>Charts information about patients' symptoms and risk factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primer in DNA replication?

<p>A complimentary DNA segment that allows the enzyme to bind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bioinformatics?

<p>Collection and analysis of biological information using computers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genome?

<p>An organism's genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps of PCR amplification?

<p>Melt, Anneal, Extend, Final Extension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA sequencing?

<p>Ordering DNA by size and identifying nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solute?

<p>Substance dissolved in another substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solvent?

<p>A substance in which another substance is dissolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution?

<p>A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does concentration refer to?

<p>The amount of a specified substance in a unit amount of another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an antibody?

<p>An antigen-binding immunoglobulin produced by B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an antigen?

<p>A foreign macromolecule that elicits an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ELISA?

<p>A quantitative test for antibodies or antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps of the ELISA process?

<ol> <li>Add sample to plastic well, wash unbound proteins. 2. Primary antibody binds to antigen, wash excess. 3. Secondary antibody with enzyme added, wash excess. 4. Add enzyme substrate to produce color.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is an enzyme?

<p>A protein that serves as a catalyst in reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is serial dilution?

<p>A stepwise dilution of a substance in a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a nucleoid contain?

<p>The genophore.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a plasmid?

<p>A small, circular piece of DNA that may carry antibiotic resistance information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do ribosomes produce?

<p>Proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cell features with their descriptions:

<p>Cell Wall = Differ between Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Plasma Membrane = Protects the cell and controls substance flow Capsule = Protects from phagocytosis Flagella = Responsible for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are endotoxins?

<p>Bacterial toxins found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do penicillins do?

<p>Interfere with the making of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are tetracyclines used for?

<p>Prevent bacteria from making necessary proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do fluoroquinolones attack?

<p>DNA gyrase to prevent bacterial replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sulfa antibiotics?

<p>Inhibit the making of folate, essential for bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is associated with meningitis?

<p>Gram-negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to bacterial resistance to antibiotics?

<p>Not completing prescribed antibiotic courses and feeding antibiotics to farm animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mutation?

<p>A change in DNA that can lead to antibiotic resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is destruction/inactivation in the context of antibiotics?

<p>Chemical degradation of the antibiotic by exchange enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does efflux refer to in antibiotic resistance?

<p>Active transport of the antibiotic out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conjugation in terms of bacterial resistance?

<p>Transfer of plasmids carrying resistance through a pilus bridge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transformation in the context of antibiotic resistance?

<p>Transfer of 'naked' DNA from one bacterium to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transduction?

<p>Transfer of DNA between bacteria via viruses (bacteriophages).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does frequency refer to in sound?

<p>How often the waves occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does amplitude refer to in sound?

<p>How large the waves are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sound?

<p>Mechanical energy transmitted by longitudinal pressure waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the pinna play in hearing?

<p>Helps collect sound waves and direct them to the auditory canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the auditory canal?

<p>Funnels sound waves and amplifies them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Eustachian tube do?

<p>Equalizes pressure inside and outside the tympanic membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do ossicles do?

<p>Form mechanical links that transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the tympanic membrane do?

<p>Vibrates in response to sound waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cochlea's function?

<p>Transfers stimuli into nerve impulses for the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sensory hair cells?

<p>Cells that generate nerve signals in the cochlea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cochlear nerve control?

<p>Hearing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the oval window connect?

<p>The middle ear with the upper cochlea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the vestibule connect?

<p>The cochlea and the semicircular canals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the vestibular nerve control?

<p>Balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inner ear?

<p>The part of the ear that includes the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the middle ear?

<p>The portion of the ear that contains the ossicles and receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer ear?

<p>The visible part of the ear that collects sound waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

<p>Hearing loss due to problems with the auditory nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conductive hearing loss?

<p>Hearing loss due to interference with sound wave transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an audiogram?

<p>A graphic representation of hearing frequency and intensities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pure tone test?

<p>An audiometric test measuring hearing at distinct frequencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a threshold in hearing?

<p>The lowest level of sound a patient can hear at each frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average salary for an audiologist?

<p>$40,000-50,000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cochlear implant?

<p>An electrical device that enables recognition of sounds for individuals with sensorineural hearing loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hearing aid?

<p>An electronic device for amplifying sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the smallpox vaccine?

<p>Edward Jenner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are live-attenuated vaccines?

<p>Vaccines containing weakened live pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are inactivated vaccines?

<p>Vaccines composed of completely killed pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recombinant DNA?

<p>A DNA molecule made from segments of different sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a restriction enzyme?

<p>An enzyme that cuts up DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are vectors in relation to DNA?

<p>Vehicles used for the movement of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an epidemiologist?

<p>Study disease patterns and causes, typically requiring a Master's degree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the attack rate?

<p>The ratio of sick individuals to those exposed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pathogen

An agent that causes disease.

Outbreak

Sudden rise in disease cases.

Patient Symptoms/Risk Factors Organizer

Chart for recording patient symptoms and lifestyle risk factors.

Primer (DNA)

Short DNA sequence that starts DNA replication.

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Bioinformatics

Using computers to study biological information (especially genetics).

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Genome

Complete genetic makeup of an organism.

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PCR Amplification

Process to make many copies of a DNA segment.

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DNA Sequencing

Method to determine the order of DNA bases.

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Solute

Substance dissolved in a solvent.

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Solvent

Substance that dissolves a solute.

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Solution

Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

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Concentration

Amount of substance per unit volume.

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Antibody

Protein fighting foreign invaders.

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Antigen

Foreign substance that triggers an immune response.

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ELISA

Immune test measuring antibodies/antigens.

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Nucleoid

Bacterial region holding genetic material.

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Plasmid

Small, circular DNA in bacteria.

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Ribosomes

Protein-making machinery in cells.

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Cell Wall

Outer layer of bacterial cells; determines gram type.

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Capsule

Bacterial outer layer protecting it from immune cells.

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Flagella

Bacterial structures for movement.

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Pili

Bacterial hair-like structures for attachment.

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Study Notes

Medical Interventions

  • Medical interventions aim to improve health and alter disease progression, maintaining homeostasis.

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Pathogen: Causative agent of disease.
  • Outbreak: Sudden increase in disease incidence.
  • Patient Symptoms/Risk Factors Organizer: Chart detailing patient symptoms and lifestyle factors affecting disease risk.
  • Primer: DNA segment facilitating enzyme binding for DNA replication.
  • Bioinformatics: The use of computers to analyze biological information, particularly in genetics.
  • Genome: The complete genetic material of an organism.

DNA Techniques

  • PCR Amplification:
    • Stages: Melt (high temp), Anneal (low temp), Extend (medium temp), Final Extension (10 mins).
  • DNA Sequencing: Segregates DNA by size using gel electrophoresis, tagging nucleotides with color for identification.

Chemical Definitions

  • Solute: Substance dissolved in another substance.
  • Solvent: Liquid that dissolves a solute.
  • Solution: Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
  • Concentration: The quantity of a substance in a unit of another substance.

Immune Response Components

  • Antibody: Immunoglobulin produced by B cells that binds to antigens.
  • Antigen: Foreign molecule inducing an immune response.
  • ELISA: Test detecting antibodies/antigens, producing a color change representing concentration.

Bacterial Structures and Functions

  • Nucleoid: Contains genetic material (genophore).
  • Plasmid: Small DNA circles in the cytoplasm that may confer antibiotic resistance.
  • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis machinery.
  • Cell Wall: Differentiates between Gram-Positive (blue) and Gram-Negative (red) bacteria.
  • Capsule: Outer layer protecting against phagocytosis.
  • Flagella: Structures for bacterial movement.
  • Pili: Hair-like structures facilitating cell attachment.

Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms

  • Penicillins: Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, weakening bacterial cell walls.
  • Tetracyclines: Block protein production by binding to ribosomes.
  • Fluoroquinolones: Target DNA gyrase to prevent bacterial replication.
  • Sulfa Antibiotics: Halts folate synthesis, crucial for bacterial growth.
  • Resistance mechanisms include mutation, destruction/inactivation, efflux pumps, conjugation, transformation, and transduction.

Hearing Anatomy

  • Pinna: Collects sound waves; directs them into the ear.
  • Auditory Canal: Channels sound waves; produces wax for protection.
  • Eustachian Tube: Balances ear pressure; drains secretions.
  • Ossicles: Amplify sound by connecting tympanic membrane to the cochlea.
  • Tympanic Membrane: Converts sound waves into vibrations.
  • Cochlea: Converts stimulus into nerve impulses.
  • Sensory Hair Cells: Create nerve signals from vibrations inside the cochlea.

Hearing Loss Types

  • Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Caused by issues with auditory nerve pathways.
  • Conductive Hearing Loss: Results from sound transmission interference; improves with bone conduction.

Hearing Tests

  • Audiogram: Visualization of hearing ability over frequency.
  • Pure Tone Test: Measures hearing response to specific frequencies.

Medical Professional Overview

  • Audiologist: Requires a doctorate; earns between $40,000 to $50,000 annually.
  • Cochlear Implant: Device for individuals with sensorineural hearing loss; converts sound waves to electrical signals.
  • Hearing Aid: Amplifies sound; assists those with hearing loss.

Vaccination History

  • Edward Jenner pioneered vaccination using cowpox to combat smallpox.

Vaccine Types

  • Live-Attenuated Vaccines: Weakened live pathogens.
  • Inactivated Vaccines: Killed pathogens; often need boosters.

Molecular Biology Concepts

  • Recombinant DNA: DNA made from segments of different origins.
  • Restriction Enzyme: Cuts DNA at specific sequences.
  • Vectors: DNA carriers for genetic material transfer.

Epidemiology

  • Epidemiologist: Requires a master’s degree; earns around $65,000.
  • Attack Rate: Ratio of disease cases to exposed individuals.

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