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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a web register?
What is the primary function of a web register?
Which of the following technologies is NOT directly related to the Internet of Things (IoT)?
Which of the following technologies is NOT directly related to the Internet of Things (IoT)?
What is the purpose of metadata tags in the Semantic Web?
What is the purpose of metadata tags in the Semantic Web?
What is the main purpose of data centers?
What is the main purpose of data centers?
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Which of the following is considered a 'smart' device in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT)?
Which of the following is considered a 'smart' device in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT)?
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What is the role of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) in internet connectivity?
What is the role of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) in internet connectivity?
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What does the term 'linked data' refer to in the Semantic Web?
What does the term 'linked data' refer to in the Semantic Web?
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Who is considered the inventor of the World Wide Web?
Who is considered the inventor of the World Wide Web?
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What is the primary function of an Application Programming Interface (API)?
What is the primary function of an Application Programming Interface (API)?
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Which of the following best describes operating system virtualization?
Which of the following best describes operating system virtualization?
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What is a key characteristic of low-level programming languages like machine code?
What is a key characteristic of low-level programming languages like machine code?
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What is a primary benefit of using high-level programming languages?
What is a primary benefit of using high-level programming languages?
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Which translation method converts an entire program into machine code before it is executed?
Which translation method converts an entire program into machine code before it is executed?
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Which of these properties are typically a benefit associated with using an interpreter?
Which of these properties are typically a benefit associated with using an interpreter?
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What generally distinguishes open source software from proprietary software?
What generally distinguishes open source software from proprietary software?
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When establishing connections in computer networks, which of the following transmission media is NOT typically used?
When establishing connections in computer networks, which of the following transmission media is NOT typically used?
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What is the approximate ratio of time physicians spend on EHR/desk work to direct patient interaction?
What is the approximate ratio of time physicians spend on EHR/desk work to direct patient interaction?
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What is cited as a major reason for challenges in implementing HIT systems?
What is cited as a major reason for challenges in implementing HIT systems?
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What is crucial for the successful widespread implementation of new healthcare technology?
What is crucial for the successful widespread implementation of new healthcare technology?
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Which of the following is NOT identified as a future trend in healthcare technology?
Which of the following is NOT identified as a future trend in healthcare technology?
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What type of expertise is most sought after by HIT vendors?
What type of expertise is most sought after by HIT vendors?
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Besides education of all healthcare workers, what else is needed to enable HIT adoption and implementation?
Besides education of all healthcare workers, what else is needed to enable HIT adoption and implementation?
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What characteristic makes a supercomputer particularly useful for a wide range of complex tasks?
What characteristic makes a supercomputer particularly useful for a wide range of complex tasks?
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What is the role of clinical champions in HIT implementation?
What is the role of clinical champions in HIT implementation?
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What is the primary function of HTTP?
What is the primary function of HTTP?
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Which of the following best describes HTML?
Which of the following best describes HTML?
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What role do cookies play in web browsing?
What role do cookies play in web browsing?
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What does SSL primarily ensure when browsing the web?
What does SSL primarily ensure when browsing the web?
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What distinguishes the World Wide Web from the Internet?
What distinguishes the World Wide Web from the Internet?
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What is the definition of a web host?
What is the definition of a web host?
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What does a web server do?
What does a web server do?
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Which URL prefix indicates a secure connection?
Which URL prefix indicates a secure connection?
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What are the two main components of a DICOM message?
What are the two main components of a DICOM message?
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Which component of a PACS is responsible for storing images?
Which component of a PACS is responsible for storing images?
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What is a key ability of teleradiology?
What is a key ability of teleradiology?
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Why cannot DICOM images be viewed using standard Internet browsers?
Why cannot DICOM images be viewed using standard Internet browsers?
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What role does the Radiology Information System (RIS) play in a healthcare setting?
What role does the Radiology Information System (RIS) play in a healthcare setting?
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Which is NOT considered a digital acquisition device in PACS?
Which is NOT considered a digital acquisition device in PACS?
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What is the function of a database server in a PACS?
What is the function of a database server in a PACS?
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What type of images do conventional image files typically represent?
What type of images do conventional image files typically represent?
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What does predictive analytics primarily focus on?
What does predictive analytics primarily focus on?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 Vs of Big Data?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 Vs of Big Data?
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Which type of artificial intelligence is known as weak AI?
Which type of artificial intelligence is known as weak AI?
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What is the primary function of prescriptive analytics?
What is the primary function of prescriptive analytics?
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Which statement accurately describes veracity in the context of Big Data?
Which statement accurately describes veracity in the context of Big Data?
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Which example illustrates the use of Artificial Narrow Intelligence?
Which example illustrates the use of Artificial Narrow Intelligence?
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What is the primary challenge associated with the velocity aspect of Big Data?
What is the primary challenge associated with the velocity aspect of Big Data?
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Which feature differentiates Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) from Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)?
Which feature differentiates Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) from Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)?
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Flashcards
API
API
Application Programming Interface; a set of rules for software interaction.
OS Virtualization
OS Virtualization
Software enabling multiple OS instances (virtual machines) on one hardware system.
Low-level programming languages
Low-level programming languages
Languages closer to machine code; harder for humans to understand.
Assembly Language
Assembly Language
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High-level programming languages
High-level programming languages
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Compiler
Compiler
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Interpreter
Interpreter
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Network
Network
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DICOM Message Parts
DICOM Message Parts
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DICOM Header
DICOM Header
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Image Data in DICOM
Image Data in DICOM
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PACS Components
PACS Components
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Digital Acquisition Devices
Digital Acquisition Devices
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Archival Server
Archival Server
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Teleradiology
Teleradiology
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DICOM Image Compatibility
DICOM Image Compatibility
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URL
URL
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HTTP
HTTP
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HTML
HTML
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Cookie
Cookie
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SSL
SSL
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Web Host
Web Host
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Web Server
Web Server
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Web vs Internet
Web vs Internet
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EHR Time Consumption
EHR Time Consumption
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Information vs Data
Information vs Data
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HIT Workforce Needs
HIT Workforce Needs
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Cost-Benefit Mismatch
Cost-Benefit Mismatch
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Technology Adoption
Technology Adoption
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Clinical Champions
Clinical Champions
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Mobile Technologies
Mobile Technologies
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Supercomputer Uses
Supercomputer Uses
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Data Centers
Data Centers
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Web Hosting
Web Hosting
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Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
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Web Register
Web Register
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World Wide Web (WWW)
World Wide Web (WWW)
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Semantic Web
Semantic Web
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Resource Description Framework (RDF)
Resource Description Framework (RDF)
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Internet of Things (IoT)
Internet of Things (IoT)
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Analytics
Analytics
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Descriptive Analytics
Descriptive Analytics
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Predictive Analytics
Predictive Analytics
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Prescriptive Analytics
Prescriptive Analytics
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Big Data - 5 Vs
Big Data - 5 Vs
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Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)
Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)
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Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
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Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)
Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)
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Study Notes
Materials for Medical Informatics Exam
- PPT - L1, L2, book Chapter 1: Introduction to informatics, evolution of computers, overview of health informatics, computer architectures
- PPT - L3, book Chapter 3: Network architectures, the internet, and world wide web
- PPT - L4, L5 (part 1), book Chapter 3: Healthcare data, information and knowledge, quantification of data
- PPT - L5 (part 2), L6, book Chapter 2: Information retrieval from medical knowledge resources
- PPT - L7, book Chapter 15: Cybersecurity
- PPT - L8, book Chapter 10: Health information privacy and security
- PPT - L9, book Chapter 4: Electronic health records
- PPT - L10, book Chapter 8: Clinical decision support systems
- PPT - L11 + TBL 1 resources (Chapter 7): Healthcare data analytics
- PPT - L12, book Chapter 16: Medical imaging informatics
- PPT - L13, TBL 2 resources (Chapter 14): Evidence-based medicine and clinical practice guidelines
- PPT - L14, book Chapter 12: Consumer health informatics
Lecture 1
- Informatics: The discipline focused on acquisition, storage, and use of information in a specific setting or domain. "Medical Informatics" is a type of Informatics.
- Health Informatics: Focuses on managing healthcare data and information using computers and other information technologies.
- HIT (Health Information Technology): The application of computers and technology in healthcare settings.
Lecture 2
- Evolution of computers (generations): First, Second, Third. High emphasis on software development
- History: German Society for Medical Documentation; Computer Science and Statistics; MEDLINE and MEDLARIS; Artificial intelligence (Al) projects in Medicine; Internet; EHR, 1991 – formally recommended in USA; mobile technology; Human Genome Project.
The Natural Diffusion of Technology
- Wi-Fi, mobile technologies, voice recognition, digital imaging, wearable devices, 3D printing
Types of Computers
- Supercomputer: Used for computationally intensive tasks (quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, etc.).
- Mainframe computer: Very large, highly reliable, with high processing power and storage capacity.
- Server: Serves multiple users, handles many transactions across a network.
- Desktop PC: Runs on Windows or MacOS (Intel/Apple).
- Laptop PC: Portable devices with sufficient processing and storage.
- Mobile devices (Tablets): Portable, with lower processing power than laptops.
- Smartphones: Portable, handheld computers running iOS or Android.
- Mobile and wearable devices that collect data from sensors and are often connected to smartphones.
More on Computers
- Moore's Law: The observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years.
- Mitigating factors: Increase in computing power is counterbalanced by an increase in functionality resulting in a slower increase in computing experience.
Lecture 3: Hardware Architecture
- Hardware: The physical components of a computer.
- Software: The non-physical instructions that tell the computer what to do (computer programs, algorithms).
- CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer.
- Memory: Short-term (RAM) used for tasks; Long-term (magnetic storage, optical storage, solid state drives).
Data vs. Information vs. Knowledge vs. Wisdom
- Data: Raw, unprocessed symbols.
- Information: Meaningful data.
- Knowledge: Information considered true, justifiable.
- Wisdom: Using knowledge for intelligent decisions.
Lecture 6 - Representation of Data
- Conceptual: parts of the physical world that are relevant to the computation.
- Computational: Variables that characterise the system being studied. Manipulable using formal methods.
Lecture 4: Networks
- What is a network?: A digital telecommunications network that allows nodes to share resources.
- Main characteristics: Connectivity, reliability, scalability, modularity
- Network hardware: PCs, servers, routers, switches, cables, fibers-optics, wires, radios, transmitters
- Network services: email, file sharing, instant messaging, etc.
- PAN vs. LAN vs. WAN: Wide Area Network (WAN) connects across cities, states, or countries; Internet is a WAN; LAN (Local Area Network) connects devices locally.
Lecture 5: The Internet
- TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol; ensures data is sent and received reliably.
- Web Browser: Software to access websites.
- URL: Uniform Resource Locator (address for resources on the Internet).
- HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol, used to allow computers to communicate and exchange information.
- HTML: Hypertext Markup Language, standard language used to create and structure web content
- Cookie: small piece of data that a website stores on a device to remember information about the user for a personalised experience.
- SSL: Secure Socket Layer / TLS (Transport Layer Security): Encrypts data exchanged.
- Web Host: Stores websites and makes them available on the Internet.
- Web Server: Stores website files and delivers them to users.
Lecture 7: Search Engines
- How search engines work: Search engine spiders or web crawlers look for information in a pre-built index, not in real-time.
- Search index: Database used to store and organise information from webpages for quicker search results.
- Ranking methods: Uses factors like content, location, search history, etc.
Lecture 8: Encryption
- Encryption: The process of converting data into a secure code to protect it from unauthorized access.
- Decryption: the reverse process of converting encrypted data into its readable format.
- Encryption key: a string of characters used to encode or decode data.
Lecture 9: Electronic Health Records
- EHR: A system of storing health information in a digital format.
- PACS: Picture Archiving and Communication Systems; a medical imaging technology for storing and accessing images.
- DICOM: Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, a standard for sharing medical images.
- Mobile technology: using smartphones or other devices for medical imaging.
Lecture 10: Clinical Decision Support Systems
- CDS: provides clinicians with knowledge/information to improve patient care.
- The Five Rights of CDS: information, person, format, channel, time
Lecture 11: Medical Imaging Informatics
- Medical Imaging Informatics (MII): The study and application of information/communication technologies related to medical imaging.
- Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS): Medical imaging technology.
- Bio-medical Imaging Informatics (BII): broader discipline encompassing various aspects of medical imaging.
- DICOM: Standard for sharing medical images electronically between devices
- PACS key components: Digital acquisition devices, networks, and databases.
Lecture 12: Evidence-Based Medicine
- Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM): A systematic approach to clinical problem solving
- Importance of EBM: Keeping up-to-date, reducing redundancy, improving practice
- Traditional Methods for Gaining Medical Knowledge:(Continuing Medical Education (CME), Clinical Practice Guidelines(CPGs), Expert Advice, Reading medical literature)
Lecture 13: Analytics
- Terminology of Analytics: extensive use of data, statistical analysis, explanatory or predictive models
- Factors: levels of analysis, describing and understanding data, decision-making.
Lecture 14: Consumer Health Informatics
- Consumer Health Informatics (CHI): The area of health informatics focused on the interaction of consumers and health systems.
- Emergence: Wider availability of the internet and information
- Definition of CHI: Field devoted to informatics from multiple consumer or patient views. Health literacy and consumer education.
- Strategies for improving access to this information
- Consumers needs for health information
Lecture 15: PHRs and Clinical Notes
- PHRs: Personal health records, electronic records of patients
- Should patients own their medical data: patient access to clinical notes, standardization issues, patient engagement
- Open Notes: initiative providing patients with access to clinical notes.
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Description
Prepare for your Medical Informatics exam with this comprehensive quiz covering key concepts from various chapters and presentations. Topics include health informatics, cybersecurity, electronic health records, and more. Test your knowledge on essential materials necessary for success in the field of medical informatics.