Medical Informatics Exam Preparation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a web register?

  • They store and distribute large amounts of data for businesses.
  • They manage and sell domain name registrations. (correct)
  • They connect personal devices to the internet.
  • They provide server space for websites to be hosted.
  • Which of the following technologies is NOT directly related to the Internet of Things (IoT)?

  • Resource Description Framework (RDF) (correct)
  • Medical sensors like ECG and BP.
  • Activity sensors
  • Smart home appliances
  • What is the purpose of metadata tags in the Semantic Web?

  • To secure and encrypt online data transfers.
  • To organize information on the World Wide Web.
  • To provide descriptive information about data for easier interpretation. (correct)
  • To create unique addresses for web pages (URLs).
  • What is the main purpose of data centers?

    <p>To host and manage websites. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a 'smart' device in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT)?

    <p>A refrigerator with temperature sensors and internet connectivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) in internet connectivity?

    <p>They provide internet access to users' devices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'linked data' refer to in the Semantic Web?

    <p>Data tagged with metadata for easier interpretation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the inventor of the World Wide Web?

    <p>Tim Berners-Lee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an Application Programming Interface (API)?

    <p>To facilitate communication between software programs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes operating system virtualization?

    <p>The technique of running multiple operating systems concurrently on a single physical machine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of low-level programming languages like machine code?

    <p>They are directly understood by computer hardware. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of using high-level programming languages?

    <p>They are closer to human language and easier to learn and use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which translation method converts an entire program into machine code before it is executed?

    <p>Compiler (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these properties are typically a benefit associated with using an interpreter?

    <p>Rapid testing and flexibility due to line by line implementation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generally distinguishes open source software from proprietary software?

    <p>Open source software is free and modifiable, while proprietary software requires purchase and modification is typically restricted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When establishing connections in computer networks, which of the following transmission media is NOT typically used?

    <p>Guided microwave transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate ratio of time physicians spend on EHR/desk work to direct patient interaction?

    <p>2 hours of EHR/desk work for every 1 hour of face time with the patient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cited as a major reason for challenges in implementing HIT systems?

    <p>A misalignment between the costs borne by clinicians and the benefits reaped by other entities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for the successful widespread implementation of new healthcare technology?

    <p>Clinicians must feel that their lives and patients' lives will improve. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT identified as a future trend in healthcare technology?

    <p>A decrease in the use of AI in medicine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of expertise is most sought after by HIT vendors?

    <p>Candidates with a combination of technical expertise and clinical experience, alongside interpersonal skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides education of all healthcare workers, what else is needed to enable HIT adoption and implementation?

    <p>An expansion of training programs in universities and colleges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes a supercomputer particularly useful for a wide range of complex tasks?

    <p>Their capability to perform highly intensive calculations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of clinical champions in HIT implementation?

    <p>To actively promote and support successful implementation in their clinical settings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of HTTP?

    <p>To facilitate communication between a web browser and a server (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes HTML?

    <p>A markup language used to create and structure web content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cookies play in web browsing?

    <p>They store user data for personalized experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SSL primarily ensure when browsing the web?

    <p>Encrypted and secure data transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the World Wide Web from the Internet?

    <p>The Web contains interconnected servers and websites, while the Internet is a broader network (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a web host?

    <p>A service that stores websites and makes them available online (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a web server do?

    <p>Delivers website files to users upon request (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which URL prefix indicates a secure connection?

    <p>https:// (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of a DICOM message?

    <p>Header and image data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a PACS is responsible for storing images?

    <p>Archival server (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key ability of teleradiology?

    <p>To remotely view images from a distant location (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why cannot DICOM images be viewed using standard Internet browsers?

    <p>They require specific viewers to display correctly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Radiology Information System (RIS) play in a healthcare setting?

    <p>It maintains patient demographics and scheduling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT considered a digital acquisition device in PACS?

    <p>Database server (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a database server in a PACS?

    <p>To process requests for images and manage data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of images do conventional image files typically represent?

    <p>High resolution grayscale images (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does predictive analytics primarily focus on?

    <p>Identifying trends and possible future outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 Vs of Big Data?

    <p>Verification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of artificial intelligence is known as weak AI?

    <p>Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prescriptive analytics?

    <p>Optimizing clinical and financial outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes veracity in the context of Big Data?

    <p>The reliability and accuracy of data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates the use of Artificial Narrow Intelligence?

    <p>A self-driving car programmed to navigate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge associated with the velocity aspect of Big Data?

    <p>The rapid generation of data needing real-time analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature differentiates Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) from Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)?

    <p>AGI exhibits human-like intelligence and can perform multiple tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    API

    Application Programming Interface; a set of rules for software interaction.

    OS Virtualization

    Software enabling multiple OS instances (virtual machines) on one hardware system.

    Low-level programming languages

    Languages closer to machine code; harder for humans to understand.

    Assembly Language

    A human-readable representation of machine code using symbols.

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    High-level programming languages

    Languages closer to human languages; easier to use and learn.

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    Compiler

    Translates the entire program to machine code before execution.

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    Interpreter

    Translates and executes code line by line, allowing flexibility.

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    Network

    A digital telecommunications network for nodes to share resources.

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    DICOM Message Parts

    A DICOM message consists of a header and image data.

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    DICOM Header

    Contains patient information, image type, and capture details.

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    Image Data in DICOM

    Usually represents high-resolution grayscale images.

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    PACS Components

    Includes digital acquisition devices, network, database, archival server, and RIS.

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    Digital Acquisition Devices

    Sources of images such as CT, MRI, and mammography.

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    Archival Server

    Responsible for storing images with off-site backup for disaster recovery.

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    Teleradiology

    Ability to remotely view images from a different location.

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    DICOM Image Compatibility

    DICOM images are not compatible with standard Internet browsers.

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    URL

    A web address that indicates where a resource resides on the internet.

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    HTTP

    A protocol for transferring hypertext requests and information on the web.

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    HTML

    A markup language used to create and structure content on the web.

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    Cookie

    A small piece of data stored on your device by a website to remember preferences.

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    SSL

    A technology that encrypts the connection between your browser and a website.

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    Web Host

    A service that stores websites and makes them accessible on the internet.

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    Web Server

    A computer or software that delivers website files to users via the internet.

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    Web vs Internet

    The web is the collection of interconnected servers; the internet is the network linking them.

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    EHR Time Consumption

    Clinicians spend nearly 2 hours on EHR for every hour of patient face time.

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    Information vs Data

    Clinicians need actionable information, not just data overload.

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    HIT Workforce Needs

    Healthcare IT requires education and skills in both IT and clinical settings.

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    Cost-Benefit Mismatch

    Clinicians often face higher costs than the benefits they receive from HIT.

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    Technology Adoption

    Clinicians resist new technologies unless they see clear benefits.

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    Clinical Champions

    Key individuals necessary for successful implementation of new technologies.

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    Mobile Technologies

    Mobile platforms will play a crucial role in future patient care.

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    Supercomputer Uses

    Supercomputers tackle complex tasks like weather forecasting and molecular modeling.

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    Data Centers

    Facilities housing computers and servers to manage large data.

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    Web Hosting

    Companies that provide server space for hosting websites.

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    Internet Service Provider (ISP)

    A company providing users with access to the Internet.

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    Web Register

    Accredited companies selling and managing domain registrations.

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    World Wide Web (WWW)

    A system of interconnected web pages accessible via links.

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    Semantic Web

    A framework where data is tagged for easier sharing and interpretation.

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    Resource Description Framework (RDF)

    A standard for describing documents and images on the web.

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    Internet of Things (IoT)

    A network of smart devices connected to the Internet.

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    Analytics

    The extensive use of data and statistical analysis for decision making.

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    Descriptive Analytics

    Standard reporting that describes current situations and problems.

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    Predictive Analytics

    Techniques that identify trends and forecast outcomes of actions.

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    Prescriptive Analytics

    Optimizes outcomes through recommendations based on analysis.

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    Big Data - 5 Vs

    Five characteristics of big data: Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity, Value.

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    Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

    AI designed to perform a specific task efficiently.

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    Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

    AI that exhibits human-like intelligence and can perform various tasks.

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    Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

    Hypothetical AI with intelligence surpassing the best humans.

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    Study Notes

    Materials for Medical Informatics Exam

    • PPT - L1, L2, book Chapter 1: Introduction to informatics, evolution of computers, overview of health informatics, computer architectures
    • PPT - L3, book Chapter 3: Network architectures, the internet, and world wide web
    • PPT - L4, L5 (part 1), book Chapter 3: Healthcare data, information and knowledge, quantification of data
    • PPT - L5 (part 2), L6, book Chapter 2: Information retrieval from medical knowledge resources
    • PPT - L7, book Chapter 15: Cybersecurity
    • PPT - L8, book Chapter 10: Health information privacy and security
    • PPT - L9, book Chapter 4: Electronic health records
    • PPT - L10, book Chapter 8: Clinical decision support systems
    • PPT - L11 + TBL 1 resources (Chapter 7): Healthcare data analytics
    • PPT - L12, book Chapter 16: Medical imaging informatics
    • PPT - L13, TBL 2 resources (Chapter 14): Evidence-based medicine and clinical practice guidelines
    • PPT - L14, book Chapter 12: Consumer health informatics

    Lecture 1

    • Informatics: The discipline focused on acquisition, storage, and use of information in a specific setting or domain. "Medical Informatics" is a type of Informatics.
    • Health Informatics: Focuses on managing healthcare data and information using computers and other information technologies.
    • HIT (Health Information Technology): The application of computers and technology in healthcare settings.

    Lecture 2

    • Evolution of computers (generations): First, Second, Third. High emphasis on software development
    • History: German Society for Medical Documentation; Computer Science and Statistics; MEDLINE and MEDLARIS; Artificial intelligence (Al) projects in Medicine; Internet; EHR, 1991 – formally recommended in USA; mobile technology; Human Genome Project.

    The Natural Diffusion of Technology

    • Wi-Fi, mobile technologies, voice recognition, digital imaging, wearable devices, 3D printing

    Types of Computers

    • Supercomputer: Used for computationally intensive tasks (quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, etc.).
    • Mainframe computer: Very large, highly reliable, with high processing power and storage capacity.
    • Server: Serves multiple users, handles many transactions across a network.
    • Desktop PC: Runs on Windows or MacOS (Intel/Apple).
    • Laptop PC: Portable devices with sufficient processing and storage.
    • Mobile devices (Tablets): Portable, with lower processing power than laptops.
    • Smartphones: Portable, handheld computers running iOS or Android.
    • Mobile and wearable devices that collect data from sensors and are often connected to smartphones.

    More on Computers

    • Moore's Law: The observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years.
    • Mitigating factors: Increase in computing power is counterbalanced by an increase in functionality resulting in a slower increase in computing experience.

    Lecture 3: Hardware Architecture

    • Hardware: The physical components of a computer.
    • Software: The non-physical instructions that tell the computer what to do (computer programs, algorithms).
    • CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer.
    • Memory: Short-term (RAM) used for tasks; Long-term (magnetic storage, optical storage, solid state drives).

    Data vs. Information vs. Knowledge vs. Wisdom

    • Data: Raw, unprocessed symbols.
    • Information: Meaningful data.
    • Knowledge: Information considered true, justifiable.
    • Wisdom: Using knowledge for intelligent decisions.

    Lecture 6 - Representation of Data

    • Conceptual: parts of the physical world that are relevant to the computation.
    • Computational: Variables that characterise the system being studied. Manipulable using formal methods.

    Lecture 4: Networks

    • What is a network?: A digital telecommunications network that allows nodes to share resources.
    • Main characteristics: Connectivity, reliability, scalability, modularity
    • Network hardware: PCs, servers, routers, switches, cables, fibers-optics, wires, radios, transmitters
    • Network services: email, file sharing, instant messaging, etc.
    • PAN vs. LAN vs. WAN: Wide Area Network (WAN) connects across cities, states, or countries; Internet is a WAN; LAN (Local Area Network) connects devices locally.

    Lecture 5: The Internet

    • TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol; ensures data is sent and received reliably.
    • Web Browser: Software to access websites.
    • URL: Uniform Resource Locator (address for resources on the Internet).
    • HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol, used to allow computers to communicate and exchange information.
    • HTML: Hypertext Markup Language, standard language used to create and structure web content
    • Cookie: small piece of data that a website stores on a device to remember information about the user for a personalised experience.
    • SSL: Secure Socket Layer / TLS (Transport Layer Security): Encrypts data exchanged.
    • Web Host: Stores websites and makes them available on the Internet.
    • Web Server: Stores website files and delivers them to users.

    Lecture 7: Search Engines

    • How search engines work: Search engine spiders or web crawlers look for information in a pre-built index, not in real-time.
    • Search index: Database used to store and organise information from webpages for quicker search results.
    • Ranking methods: Uses factors like content, location, search history, etc.

    Lecture 8: Encryption

    • Encryption: The process of converting data into a secure code to protect it from unauthorized access.
    • Decryption: the reverse process of converting encrypted data into its readable format.
    • Encryption key: a string of characters used to encode or decode data.

    Lecture 9: Electronic Health Records

    • EHR: A system of storing health information in a digital format.
    • PACS: Picture Archiving and Communication Systems; a medical imaging technology for storing and accessing images.
    • DICOM: Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, a standard for sharing medical images.
    • Mobile technology: using smartphones or other devices for medical imaging.

    Lecture 10: Clinical Decision Support Systems

    • CDS: provides clinicians with knowledge/information to improve patient care.
    • The Five Rights of CDS: information, person, format, channel, time

    Lecture 11: Medical Imaging Informatics

    • Medical Imaging Informatics (MII): The study and application of information/communication technologies related to medical imaging.
    • Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS): Medical imaging technology.
    • Bio-medical Imaging Informatics (BII): broader discipline encompassing various aspects of medical imaging.
    • DICOM: Standard for sharing medical images electronically between devices
    • PACS key components: Digital acquisition devices, networks, and databases.

    Lecture 12: Evidence-Based Medicine

    • Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM): A systematic approach to clinical problem solving
    • Importance of EBM: Keeping up-to-date, reducing redundancy, improving practice
    • Traditional Methods for Gaining Medical Knowledge:(Continuing Medical Education (CME), Clinical Practice Guidelines(CPGs), Expert Advice, Reading medical literature)

    Lecture 13: Analytics

    • Terminology of Analytics: extensive use of data, statistical analysis, explanatory or predictive models
    • Factors: levels of analysis, describing and understanding data, decision-making.

    Lecture 14: Consumer Health Informatics

    • Consumer Health Informatics (CHI): The area of health informatics focused on the interaction of consumers and health systems.
    • Emergence: Wider availability of the internet and information
    • Definition of CHI: Field devoted to informatics from multiple consumer or patient views. Health literacy and consumer education.
    • Strategies for improving access to this information
    • Consumers needs for health information

    Lecture 15: PHRs and Clinical Notes

    • PHRs: Personal health records, electronic records of patients
    • Should patients own their medical data: patient access to clinical notes, standardization issues, patient engagement
    • Open Notes: initiative providing patients with access to clinical notes.

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    Prepare for your Medical Informatics exam with this comprehensive quiz covering key concepts from various chapters and presentations. Topics include health informatics, cybersecurity, electronic health records, and more. Test your knowledge on essential materials necessary for success in the field of medical informatics.

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