Medical Disorders of Brain Function Chapter 16

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Questions and Answers

Which type of hydrocephalus involves obstruction to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid?

  • Communicating hydrocephalus
  • Non-communicating hydrocephalus (correct)
  • Acute hydrocephalus
  • Transitional hydrocephalus

Which of the following correctly differentiates hypoxia from ischemia?

  • Hypoxia is caused by restricted blood flow, while ischemia results from reduced oxygen in tissues.
  • Hypoxia is a deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level, whereas ischemia involves reduced blood supply. (correct)
  • Ischemia can be completely reversible, while hypoxia always leads to cell death.
  • Both conditions refer to lack of blood supply to the brain.

What kind of brain injury is characterized by a direct impact to the head with immediate symptoms?

  • Chronic traumatic brain injury
  • Primary traumatic brain injury (correct)
  • Secondary traumatic brain injury
  • Progressive traumatic brain injury

Which type of hematoma is usually associated with a tear in the dural arteries and presents rapidly?

<p>Epidural hematoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the increase in pressure within the skull due to mass effect from a brain injury?

<p>Intracranial pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism primarily differentiates vasogenic cerebral edema from cytotoxic edema?

<p>Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with a concussion?

<p>Amnesia for the event (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do ischemic strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIA) differ?

<p>Duration of symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of seizure is characterized by loss of awareness but not motor control?

<p>Absence seizure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from a build-up of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain?

<p>Hydrocephalus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cerebral Edema

An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the brain tissue.

Hydrocephalus

A condition characterized by an excess buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain's ventricles.

Concussion

A type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting from a blow or jolt to the head or body, typically causing temporary impairment of brain function.

Ischemic Stroke

A stroke caused by blockage of blood flow to a part of the brain.

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Epidural Hematoma

A collection of blood between the skull and the dura mater (a membrane covering the brain).

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Communicating Hydrocephalus

A type of hydrocephalus where the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is blocked after it exits the ventricles, often due to impaired absorption in the arachnoid villi.

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Non-communicating Hydrocephalus

A type of hydrocephalus where the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is blocked within the ventricles, often due to a physical obstruction like a tumor or a congenital malformation.

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Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)

The pressure gradient that drives blood flow through the brain, calculated as the difference between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP).

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Brain Herniation

A life-threatening condition where brain tissue is squeezed through an opening in the skull, due to increased intracranial pressure (ICP).

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Hypoxia vs. Ischemia

Hypoxia - low oxygen levels in the brain, while ischemia - reduced blood flow to the brain, causing oxygen and nutrient deprivation.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives for Chapter 16: Disorders of Brain Function

  • Terms: Define and understand cerebral edema, hydrocephalus (communicating and non-communicating), intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, brain herniation, concussion, simple partial seizure, complex partial seizure, generalized seizures, absence, tonic-clonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures.

Brain Protection and Damage

  • Protective Features: Discuss the anatomical and physiological features that protect the brain.
  • Damage Mechanisms: Recall general ways the brain can become damaged or injured.

Hypoxia and Ischemia

  • Distinguish: Differentiate between hypoxia and ischemia, including the pathophysiology, causes, common manifestations, and compensatory mechanisms.

Cerebral Edema

  • Vasogenic vs. Cytotoxic: Compare and contrast the vasogenic and cytotoxic causes of cerebral edema, including pathophysiology and causes. What are their outcomes?

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

  • Primary vs. Secondary: Compare primary and secondary traumatic brain injuries (TBI).
  • Severity Levels: Compare mild, moderate, and severe TBI.
  • Hematoma Types: Describe epidural, subdural, and intracerebral hematomas.

Concussion and Stroke

  • Concussion Symptoms: Recognize the symptoms associated with concussion.
  • Ischemic vs Hemorrhagic Stroke: Differentiate ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
  • TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack): Differentiate stroke from a TIA.

Provoked Seizures

  • Causes: List several causes of provoked seizures.

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