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Questions and Answers
What is the second leading cause of death in Canada?
What is the second leading cause of death in Canada?
What is a slow, progressive hardening and narrowing of the arteries by plaques known as?
What is a slow, progressive hardening and narrowing of the arteries by plaques known as?
What percentage of Canadians have at least one risk factor for heart disease or stroke?
What percentage of Canadians have at least one risk factor for heart disease or stroke?
What is the major form of cardiovascular disease characterized by deposits of a fatty substance called plaque in the artery walls?
What is the major form of cardiovascular disease characterized by deposits of a fatty substance called plaque in the artery walls?
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What is described as a CVD in which the inner layers of the artery walls are made thick & irregular by deposits of plaque?
What is described as a CVD in which the inner layers of the artery walls are made thick & irregular by deposits of plaque?
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What is NOT listed as a major form of cardiovascular disease in the text?
What is NOT listed as a major form of cardiovascular disease in the text?
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Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol back to the liver?
Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol back to the liver?
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What is the primary goal for improving cholesterol levels?
What is the primary goal for improving cholesterol levels?
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Which condition is associated with a significant decrease in blood pressure when salt intake is restricted?
Which condition is associated with a significant decrease in blood pressure when salt intake is restricted?
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What percentage of cholesterol is obtained through dietary sources of animal origin?
What percentage of cholesterol is obtained through dietary sources of animal origin?
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Which blood pressure classification indicates the highest risk for cardiovascular disease?
Which blood pressure classification indicates the highest risk for cardiovascular disease?
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Which carriers transport dietary lipids in the human body?
Which carriers transport dietary lipids in the human body?
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Which of the following is a major CVD risk factor that cannot be altered?
Which of the following is a major CVD risk factor that cannot be altered?
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What is the most common arrhythmia, affecting around 200,000 Canadians, with increased risk with age?
What is the most common arrhythmia, affecting around 200,000 Canadians, with increased risk with age?
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What plays a key role in CVD development, with high CRP levels indicating an elevated risk of heart attack and stroke?
What plays a key role in CVD development, with high CRP levels indicating an elevated risk of heart attack and stroke?
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Which group typically develops CVD after age 50 due to the protective role of estrogen?
Which group typically develops CVD after age 50 due to the protective role of estrogen?
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What are potential risk factors for CVD being studied, including elevated homocysteine, severe vitamin D deficiency, infectious agents, and elevated fibrinogen?
What are potential risk factors for CVD being studied, including elevated homocysteine, severe vitamin D deficiency, infectious agents, and elevated fibrinogen?
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Which of the following is associated with heart dysfunction?
Which of the following is associated with heart dysfunction?
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Which factor damaging the heart's pumping mechanism is characterized by a buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries?
Which factor damaging the heart's pumping mechanism is characterized by a buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries?
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What is the recommended response for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) based on the provided information?
What is the recommended response for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) based on the provided information?
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Which condition is characterized by the heart's inability to pump out all blood, resulting in edema mainly in the legs and ankles?
Which condition is characterized by the heart's inability to pump out all blood, resulting in edema mainly in the legs and ankles?
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What is a major controllable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that increases the risk of death from coronary heart disease by 30% with every 5-unit increment of BMI?
What is a major controllable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that increases the risk of death from coronary heart disease by 30% with every 5-unit increment of BMI?
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Which lifestyle-related factor plays a key role in lowering cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by decreasing blood pressure, increasing HDL concentration, and preventing type 2 diabetes?
Which lifestyle-related factor plays a key role in lowering cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by decreasing blood pressure, increasing HDL concentration, and preventing type 2 diabetes?
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$\text{What percentage increase in risk of dying from CVD do women smokers experience compared to nonsmokers?}$
$\text{What percentage increase in risk of dying from CVD do women smokers experience compared to nonsmokers?}$
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Which of the following is NOT listed as a major risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a major risk factor for atherosclerosis?
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What is the main treatment method for heart disease mentioned in the text?
What is the main treatment method for heart disease mentioned in the text?
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Which type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot?
Which type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot?
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What test is NOT mentioned as part of the diagnosis of heart disease?
What test is NOT mentioned as part of the diagnosis of heart disease?
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What are common signs and symptoms of a heart attack mentioned in the text?
What are common signs and symptoms of a heart attack mentioned in the text?
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What are potential consequences of atherosclerosis mentioned in the text?
What are potential consequences of atherosclerosis mentioned in the text?
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Which of the following is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis?
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What are common signs and symptoms of a heart attack?
What are common signs and symptoms of a heart attack?
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What is a major type of stroke?
What is a major type of stroke?
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What is an effective treatment for stroke within a certain time frame?
What is an effective treatment for stroke within a certain time frame?
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What may women experience as signs and symptoms of a heart attack?
What may women experience as signs and symptoms of a heart attack?
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What tests may be involved in the diagnosis of heart disease?
What tests may be involved in the diagnosis of heart disease?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Prevention
- Diabetes Mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
- Atrial Fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia, affecting around 200,000 Canadians, with increased risk with age and main complications being stroke and heart failure.
- Major CVD risk factors that can't be altered include heredity, aging, being male, ethnicity, and inflammation.
- Aging increases the risk of heart attack dramatically after age 65, and stroke risk increases by about 30% per decade after age 55.
- CVD is the leading killer of both men and women in Canada, with women typically developing CVD after age 50 due to the protective role of estrogen.
- Death rates from heart disease vary among ethnic groups, with First Nations and Inuit having a higher rate of CVD.
- Inflammation plays a key role in CVD development, and high CRP levels indicate an elevated risk of heart attack and stroke.
- Possible CVD risk factors being studied include elevated homocysteine, severe vitamin D deficiency, infectious agents, and elevated fibrinogen.
- Homocysteine levels, higher in men and associated with CVD risk, can be lowered by diet and supplements.
- Severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with heart dysfunction.
- Gum disease and high fibrinogen levels are also potential risk factors for CVD.
- Strategies for protecting against cardiovascular disease include maintaining a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, tobacco avoidance, managing blood pressure and cholesterol, stress management, and understanding individual risk factors.
Atherosclerosis, Heart Disease, and Stroke: Key Information
- Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by plaque buildup in the arteries, which can lead to coronary heart disease and stroke.
- Main risk factors for atherosclerosis include cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus.
- Health consequences of atherosclerosis include coronary heart disease (CHD), angina pectoris, heart attack, stroke, and decreased blood and oxygen supply to other organs and tissues in the body.
- Coronary thrombosis, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death are associated with heart disease and heart attacks.
- Common signs and symptoms of a heart attack include chest discomfort, upper body discomfort, shortness of breath, and other possible symptoms like sweating, lightheadedness, or dizziness.
- Women may experience different signs and symptoms of a heart attack, such as shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, cold sweat, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the back, shoulders, and jaw.
- Diagnosis of heart disease may involve tests such as exercise stress test, electrocardiogram (ECG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electron beam computed tomography (EBC), echocardiograms, and angiograms.
- Treatment of heart disease may include lifestyle changes, medication, balloon angioplasty, implantation of coronary stents, and coronary bypass surgery.
- Stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off and can cause permanent disability or be fatal, leading to paralysis, walking disability, speech impairment, memory loss, and changes in behavior.
- Major types of stroke include ischemic stroke, thrombotic stroke, embolic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
- Signs and symptoms of a stroke include sudden numbness or weakness, confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, trouble seeing, trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, coordination, and severe headache.
- Effective treatment of stroke involves prompt recognition of signs and symptoms, correct diagnosis, and use of clot-dissolving and antihypertensive drugs, such as tPA, which can be effective within a certain time frame. Silent strokes can occur without noticeable symptoms, leading to a higher risk of subsequent and more serious strokes.
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Test your knowledge about medical conditions with this quiz covering Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) and Congestive Heart Failure. Learn about the signs, symptoms, and implications of these conditions.
