Medical Conditions and Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common presentation of celiac disease?

  • Parasite infections
  • Increased serum calcium levels
  • Crypt hyperplasia (correct)
  • Vascular malformations

    • Which of the following is associated with the first pharyngeal arch?

  • Maxillary artery (correct)
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Styloid process of temporal bone
  • Hyoid bone

    • Which type of dementia is characterized by hallucinations and parkinsonism?

  • Vascular dementia
  • Frontotemporal dementia
  • Alzheimer's disease
  • Dementia with Lewy bodies (correct)

    • What condition results in a positive Coombs test indicating autoimmune hemolysis in newborns?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on blood calcium levels?

    <p>Increases serum calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of kinesin in neurons?

    <p>Facilitate the anterograde transport of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by failure to thrive and low immunoglobulin levels?

    <p>X-linked agammaglobulinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers are primarily involved in low level sustained force activities, such as postural maintenance?

    <p>Type 1 fibers (slow twitch)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the contralateral lower extremity deficit in patients who suffer a stroke involving the anterior cerebral artery?

    <p>Lower body motor control disruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the presentation of a branchial cleft cyst?

    <p>A tender fluctuating mass anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with joint hypermobility and increased arm-to-height ratio?

    <p>Marfan syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glycogen storage disease is characterized by muscle pain and myoglobinuria after exertion?

    <p>McArdle's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with cyanide poisoning?

    <p>Normal oxygen saturation levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation is primarily associated with Klinefelter syndrome (47 XXY)?

    <p>Meiotic nondisjunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines schizoaffective disorder in relation to mood symptoms?

    <p>Psychosis occurs without mood disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily associated with the abnormal tuberin hamartin complex leading to enhanced mTOR signaling?

    <p>Tuberous sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharyngeal arch is associated with the internal carotid artery and is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve?

    <p>Third pharyngeal arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of hemolytic disease of the newborn?

    <p>Positive Coombs test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inclusions are predominantly found in patients with frontotemporal dementia?

    <p>Tau protein inclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these conditions is characterized by crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy?

    <p>Celiac disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with neutropenic fever?

    <p>Bacteremia from gram-negative organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurological condition presents with memory impairment and neurofibrillary tangles?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following associations is correct regarding the first pharyngeal arch?

    <p>Innervated by the trigeminal nerve and associated with maxilla and mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinct feature is associated with dementia with Lewy bodies?

    <p>Hallucinations and REM sleep behavior disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change does parathyroid hormone (PTH) induce?

    <p>Increased serum calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which protein kinase C is activated?

    <p>Formation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from damage to branches of the vagus nerve during esophageal hernia repair?

    <p>Gastroparesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition is there an absence of collateral blood flow resulting in more severe symptoms?

    <p>Anterior cerebral artery occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the presence of a fluctuant mass anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

    <p>Branchial cleft cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene?

    <p>Fragile X syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glycogen storage disease is characterized by a lack of glucose-6-phosphatase?

    <p>Von Gierke disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is specifically associated with tetanus infection?

    <p>Neck stiffness and jaw rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic laboratory finding in individuals with CO poisoning?

    <p>Decreased oxygen content with elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural abnormality in Marfan syndrome?

    <p>Splice site mutation in the fibrillin gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the presentation of delusions without other psychotic symptoms for at least one month?

    <p>Delusional disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cleft Lip

    • Occurs due to failed fusion of the maxillary prominence with the intermaxillary segment during early gestation

    Tuberous Sclerosis

    • Individuals with this condition present with ash leaf macules and malar angiofibromas.
    • The underlying cause is an abnormal tuberin-hamartin complex, leading to enhanced mTOR signaling.

    Staph Epidermidis

    • Coagulase-negative but susceptible to novobiocin.

    Celiac Disease

    • Characterized by crypt hyperplasia, villous atrophy, and intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration.

    Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

    • Increases bone resorption, leading to elevated serum calcium levels.
    • Increases renal phosphate excretion.

    Pharyngeal Arches

    • First Arch:
      • Innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
      • Forms the maxilla, zygoma, and mandible.
      • Associated with the maxillary artery.
    • Second Arch:
      • Innervated by the facial nerve.
      • Forms the styloid process of the temporal bone, lesser horn of the hyoid, and stapes.
      • Associated with the stapedia artery.
    • Third Arch:
      • Innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
      • Forms the greater horn of the hyoid.
      • Associated with the internal carotid artery.
    • Fourth & Sixth Arches:
      • Innervated by the vagus nerve.
      • Form the laryngeal cartilage.
      • Fourth arch is associated with the right subclavian artery.

    Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

    • Presents with personality changes and shows tau protein inclusions.
    • TDP-43 is abnormally ubiquitylated in FTD.

    Alzheimer's Disease

    • Shows memory impairment, neurofibrillary tangles with tau protein, and beta-amyloid plaques.

    Dementia with Lewy Bodies

    • Characterized by hallucinations, parkinsonism, and REM sleep behavior disorder.
    • Contains inclusions of alpha-synuclein.

    Neutropenic Fever

    • Defined as a temperature above 38.3°C and an absolute neutrophil count less than 500/mm³.
    • Patients are at risk of bacteremia, particularly from Gram-negative organisms.

    Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

    • Results from the destruction of fetal red blood cells.
    • Positive Coombs test indicates autoimmune hemolysis.
    • Clinical manifestations include anemia, jaundice, and edema.

    Gq Pathway

    • Gq protein activates phospholipase C (PLC), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.
    • This process generates inositol triphosphate (IP3), which activates protein kinase C and leads to an increase in intracellular calcium.

    Vagus Nerve

    • Branches of the vagus nerve pass through the esophageal hiatus.
    • Damage to these branches during a fundoplication can result in delayed gastric emptying.

    Cerebral Artery Strokes

    • Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Stroke: Contributes to contralateral lower extremity deficit.
    • Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Stroke: Contributes to contralateral upper extremity and face deficits.
    • Occlusion of the ACA distal to its main branch can lead to more severe symptoms due to the lack of collateral blood flow.

    Branchial Cleft Cyst

    • Located anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
    • Results from incomplete obliteration of a pharyngeal cleft.
    • Presents as a tender, fluctuant mass due to secondary infection, with or without purulent drainage.

    Kinesin

    • A microtubule associated ATP-powered motor protein.
    • Facilitates anterograde transport of neurotransmitter-containing secretory vesicles down axons to synaptic terminals.

    X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

    • Presents with failure to thrive, sinopulmonary infections, and gastroenteritis.
    • Characterized by low immunoglobulin levels.
    • Deficient in circulating mature B cells (CD19, CD20, and CD21).
    • Shows pan-hypogammaglobulinemia (low IgG, IgM, and IgA).

    Muscle Fiber Types

    • Type 1 Fibers (Slow Twitch):
      • Function in low-level, sustained force generation (e.g., postural maintenance).
      • Utilize aerobic metabolism, exhibiting high myoglobin and mitochondrial concentrations, and low glycogen content.
      • Examples include paraspinal muscles.
    • Type 2 Fibers (Fast Twitch):
      • Generate rapid, forceful movements.
      • Fatigue quickly.
      • Rely on glycogenolysis and anaerobic glycolysis for energy production.

    E. coli

    • Releases lipopolysaccharides, with lipid A being the major virulence factor.

    Warts (Verruca)

    • Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).
    • Show epidermal hyperplasia (acanthosis) and hyperkeratosis.

    Fragile X Syndrome

    • Individuals present with a long, narrow face and large testes.
    • Caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.

    Marfan Syndrome

    • Caused by a splice site mutation within the fibrillin gene (FBN1).
    • Clinical features include joint hypermobility, increased arm to height ratio, and a slender body.

    Klinefelter Syndrome

    • Genetic condition characterized by 47 XXY karyotype.
    • Presents with hypogonadism and gynecomastia.
    • Caused by meiotic nondisjunction of the X chromosome.

    Patent Urachus

    • Results from the failure of the allantois to obliterate.
    • Presents with urine drainage through the umbilicus.

    Poisoning

    • Cyanide Poisoning:
      • Shows normal PaO2, SaO2, and oxygen content.
    • Anemia:
      • Shows normal PaO2 and SaO2, but decreased oxygen content.
    • CO Poisoning:
      • Shows normal PaO2, decreased SaO2, and decreased oxygen content.

    Wound Reepithelization

    • Keratinocytes are responsible for wound reepithelization.
    • Cellular proliferation is controlled by contact inhibition.

    Spleen

    • Mesodermal origin.
    • Blood supply (splenic artery) is derived from the celiac trunk, a major foregut vessel.
    • Schizophrenia:
      • Duration of symptoms is at least 6 months.
    • Schizophreniform Disorder:
      • Shares the same symptoms as schizophrenia,
      • Duration is more than 1 month but less than 6 months.
    • Delusional Disorder:
      • Characterized by delusions lasting at least 1 month.
      • No other psychotic symptoms present.
    • Schizoaffective Disorder:
      • Psychosis must occur in the absence of major depressive or manic episodes.
      • Prominent mood symptoms that meet the criteria for manic or depressive episodes are not part of the diagnosis.

    Drug Suffixes

    • -mab: Monoclonal antibodies.
    • -cept: Receptor molecules.
    • -nib: Kinase inhibitors.

    Brown Pigment Gallstones

    • Composed of calcium salts of unconjugated bilirubin.
    • Beta-glucuronidase plays a crucial role in their formation.

    Tetanus

    • Presents with neck stiffness and decreased opening of the jaw.
    • The toxin spreads retrogradely through lower motor neurons to the spinal cord, where it blocks inhibitor interneurons, causing spasmodic muscular contractions.

    Glycogen Storage Diseases

    • Von Gierke Disease:
      • Deficiency in glucose 6-phosphatase.
      • Clinical features include hepatomegaly, hyperlipidemia, lactic acidosis, and fasting hypoglycemia.
    • Cori Disease:
      • Deficiency in debranching enzyme.
      • Similar presentation to Von Gierke disease, with additional hypotonia and weakness.
    • McArdle's Disease:
      • Deficiency in muscle glycogen phosphorylase.
      • Characterized by muscle cramps, hypoglycemia during exertion, and myoglobinuria.
    • Hers Disease:
      • Deficiency in hepatic glycogen phosphorylase.
      • Features include hepatomegaly and fasting hypoglycemia.
    • Anderson Disease:
      • Deficiency in branching enzyme, contributing to cirrhosis.
    • Pompe Disease:
      • Deficiency in lysosomal alpha-glucosidase (debranching enzyme).
      • Leads to cardiomegaly and normal glucose levels.

    Cleft Lip

    • Occurs due to failed fusion of maxillary prominence with the intermaxillary segment in early gestation.

    Tuberous Sclerosis

    • Characterized by ash leaf macules and malar angiofibromas.
    • Presents with abnormal tuberin-hamartin complex that enhances mTOR signaling.

    Staphylococcus epidermidis

    • Coagulase negative but susceptible to novobiocin.

    Celiac Disease

    • Characterized by crypt hyperplasia, villous atrophy, and intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration.

    Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

    • Increases bone resorption.
    • Increases serum calcium levels.
    • Increases renal phosphate excretion.

    Pharyngeal Arches

    • First arch:
      • Innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
      • Forms the maxilla, zygoma, and mandible.
      • Associated with the maxillary artery.
    • Second arch:
      • Innervated by the facial nerve.
      • Forms the styloid process of the temporal bone, lesser horn of hyoid, and stapes.
      • Associated with the stapedial artery.
    • Third arch:
      • Innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
      • Forms the greater horn of hyoid.
      • Associated with the internal carotid artery.
    • Fourth and Sixth arches:
      • Innervated by the vagus nerve.
      • Form laryngeal cartilage.
      • Fourth arch associated with the right subclavian artery.

    Frontotemporal Dementia

    • Presents with personality changes.
    • Shows tau protein inclusions.
    • TDP-43 is abnormally ubiquitinated.

    Alzheimer's Disease

    • Characterized by memory impairment.
    • Shows neurofibrillary tangles with tau protein and beta-amyloid plaques.

    Dementia with Lewy Bodies

    • Characterized by hallucinations, parkinsonism, and REM sleep behavior disorder.
    • Caused by inclusions of alpha-synuclein.

    Neutropenic Fever

    • Defined by a temperature above 38.3°C and an absolute neutrophil count less than 500/mm³.
    • Patients are at risk of bacteremia via Gram-negative organisms.

    Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

    • Results from destruction of fetal red blood cells.
    • Positive Coombs test indicating autoimmune hemolysis.
    • Presents with anemia, jaundice, and edema.

    Gq Signaling Pathway

    • Gq protein activates phospholipase C (PLC).
    • PLC hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2).
    • Hydrolysis forms inositol triphosphate (IP3).
    • IP3 activates protein kinase C (PKC).
    • Increases intracellular calcium levels.

    Vagus Nerve

    • Branches pass through the esophageal hiatus.
    • Damage during fundoplication can result in delayed gastric emptying.

    Anterior Cerebral Artery Stroke

    • Causes contralateral lower extremity deficit.

    Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke

    • Causes contralateral upper extremity and face deficits.

    Anterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion (Distal)

    • Can lead to more severe symptoms due to lack of collateral blood flow.

    Branchial Cleft Cyst

    • Located anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
    • Results from incomplete obliteration of a pharyngeal cleft.
    • Presents as a tender, fluctuant mass due to secondary infection with or without purulent drainage.

    Kinesin

    • Microtubule associated ATP-powered motor protein.
    • Facilitates anterograde transport of neurotransmitter containing secretory vesicles down axons to synaptic terminals.

    X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

    • Causes failure to thrive, sinopulmonary infections, and gastroenteritis.
    • Presents with low immunoglobulin levels.
    • Low circulating mature B cells (CD19, CD20, and CD21).
    • Panhypogammaglobulinemia (low IgG, IgM, and IgA).

    Muscle Fiber Types

    • Type 1 fibers (slow twitch):
      • Require low-level sustained force (e.g., postural maintenance).
      • Primarily function in aerobic metabolism.
      • High myoglobin and mitochondrial concentrations.
      • Low glycogen fibers.
      • Example: paraspinal muscle.
    • Type 2 fibers (fast twitch):
      • Generate rapid forceful movement.
      • Fatigue quickly.
      • Generate energy via glycogenolysis and anaerobic glycolysis.

    Escherichia coli

    • Releases lipopolysaccharides.
    • Lipid A is the major virulence factor.

    Warts (Verruca)

    • Caused by HPV.
    • Characterized by epidermal hyperplasia (acanthosis) and hyperkeratosis.

    Fragile X Syndrome

    • Long narrow face and large testes.
    • Trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.

    Marfan Syndrome

    • Splice site mutation within the fibrillin gene (FBN1).
    • Joint hypermobility with increased arm-to-height ratio and slender body.

    Klinefelter Syndrome (47 XXY)

    • Hypogonadism and gynecomastia.
    • Caused by meiotic nondisjunction of chromosome X.

    Patent Urachus

    • Failure of the allantois to obliterate.
    • Presents with urine drainage through the umbilicus.

    Cyanide Poisoning

    • Normal PaO2, SaO2, and oxygen content.

    Anemia

    • Normal PaO2 and SaO2, but decreased oxygen content.

    Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

    • Normal PaO2, decreased SaO2, and decreased oxygen content.

    Keratinocytes

    • Responsible for wound reepithelization.
    • Cellular proliferation controlled by contact inhibition.

    Spleen

    • Mesodermal origin.
    • Blood supply (splenic artery) derived from the celiac trunk, a major foregut vessel.

    Schizophreniform Disorder

    • Same symptoms as schizophrenia.
    • Duration is more than 1 month and less than 6 months.

    Delusional Disorder

    • Delusions for at least 1 month in the absence of other psychotic symptoms.

    Schizoaffective Disorder

    • Psychosis must occur in the absence of major depressive or manic episodes.
    • Prominent mood symptoms that meet the criteria for manic or depressive episodes are not included in the diagnosis.

    Medication Nomenclature

    • mab: monoclonal antibodies.
    • cept: receptor molecules.
    • nib: kinase inhibitors.

    Brown Pigment Gallstones

    • Composed of calcium salts of unconjugated bilirubin.
    • Beta-glucuronidase plays a role in their formation.

    Tetanus

    • Presents as neck stiffness and decreased opening of the jaw.
    • Tetanus toxin spreads retrograde through lower motor neurons to the spinal cord.
    • Blocks inhibitor interneurons, causing spasmodic muscle contractions.

    Glycogen Storage Diseases

    • Von Gierke Disease (Type 1):
      • Lack of glucose-6-phosphatase.
      • Hepatomegaly, hyperlipidemia, lactic acidosis, and fasting hypoglycemia.
    • Cori Disease (Type 3):
      • Lacks debranching enzyme.
      • Similar to Von Gierke disease.
      • Hypotonia and weakness.
    • McArdle's Disease (Type 5):
      • Lack of glycogen phosphorylase in muscle.
      • Muscle cramps, hypoglycemia on exertion, and myoglobinuria.
    • Hers Disease (Type 6):
      • Lack of glycogen phosphorylase in liver.
      • Hepatomegaly and fasting hypoglycemia.
    • Anderson Disease (Type 4):
      • Lack of branching enzyme.
      • Cirrhosis.
    • Pompe Disease (Type 2):
      • Lack of lysosomal acid maltase (alpha-1,4-glucosidase).
      • Cardiomegaly and normal glucose levels.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various medical conditions and anatomical structures. The quiz covers topics like Cleft Lip, Tuberous Sclerosis, and the Pharyngeal Arches. Dive into details about these conditions and their implications in the human body.

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