Medical Conditions: Breast Cancer & MS

Breast Cancer

• Adjuvant radiotherapy is recommended after mastectomy in stage pT2pNOcMO with a total dose of 50 Gy.
• Postoperative radiotherapy is recommended after mastectomy for stage pT1a pNo cM0.
• Standard EBRT dose for postoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer is 40-50 Gy in 20-25 fractions.

Multiple Sclerosis

• The imaging standard for multiple sclerosis is MRI.

Pulmonary Conditions

• Kerley B lines are a sign of interstitial pulmonary edema.
• Air bronchogram on X-ray is a sign of pneumonia.
• Bilateral alveolar edema on X-ray can be due to bilateral alveolar pneumonia.

Bone Conditions

• Typical malignant bone lesions include periosteal reaction, thinning of the bone, and changes in soft tissue.
• Osteolysis is a process where the number and thickness of bone beams decrease.
• Osteoporosis is a decrease in bone density, while osteosclerosis is an increase in bone density.
• Osteomalacia is a softening of bone tissue, while osteolysis is the destruction of bone tissue.
• Perthes disease is avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral epiphysis in children.

Radiotherapy

• The usual prescribed radiation dose for lymphoma is 30-40 Gy.
• The treatment machine for radiotherapy is a linear accelerator.
• Liposarcomas, schwannomas, and stenosis are radiosensitive tumors.
• Late reactions in radiotherapy regarding breast cancer include fibrosis.
• Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a radiation therapy technique used to treat tumors in the brain.
• Electrons are used for the radiation of superficial skin tumors.
• Indications for palliative radiotherapy include brain metastases, vena cava compression syndrome, uterine bleeding, malignant bone pain, and all of the above.

Other Conditions

• Ankylosing spondylitis affects the sacroiliac joints and spine.
• Ankylosing spondylitis does not affect the intervertebral joints.
• The Seldinger technique is used for catheterization and conventional angiography, access to blood vessels, and hollow organs.
• A DEXA scan measures low bone density.
• VCUG, ultrasound, and IVU (intravenous urography) are used to assess kidney function. A blood test for creatinine and BUN can also assess kidney function.
• A hemangioma in the liver appears as a hypodense lesion on CT.
• The golden "S" sign is associated with aortic dissection.
• The "batwing" sign is associated with consolidation or opacification associated with pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis.
• A visible tumor is called a clinically evident tumor or a visible mass.
• Photons are gamma rays.
• The modality used for multiple sclerosis diagnosis is MRI.
• The imaging modality used for acute ischemic stroke is DWI.
• A contraindication for MRI is metal objects in the eye.
• Negative X-ray agents for CT and fluoroscopy are air and water.
• A simple liver cyst on CT appears hypodense with or without rim enhancement.
• The seldinger technique is used for catheterization and conventional angiography, access to blood vessels, and hollow organs.
• Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas is most commonly associated with pain or jaundice.
• Radionuclides can emit alpha, beta, and gamma particles.
• VCUG is used to examine the bladder.
• The first-line imaging for jaundice is ultrasound.
• PET CT is best used for Hodgkin lymphoma, MALT lymphoma, and CNS lymphoma.
• Bone scintigraphy can identify osteoblastic, osteolytic, or mixed bone lesions.
• Interventional imaging techniques include CT angiography (CTA) and interventional radiology (IR) with fluoroscopy.
• Meningiomas are extraaxial tumors that typically enhance avidly and homogenously.
• Tetralogy of Fallot can cause pulmonary oligemia.
• Barium is used to contrast the GI tract.
• Acute appendicitis may benefit from contrast but is not always needed.
• Dynamic CT urography is contraindicated for anatomical studies.
• Radiolucent gallstones appear hyperechoic in ultrasound imaging.
• Bone marrow edema can be identified on T1, T2, and T2 Fat-Suppressed sequences.

General Radiology

• The modality used for imaging the brain after non-contrast CT for hemorrhage is MRI.
• Degeneration and arthritis of the facet joint is known as spondylosis.
• Electrons, photons, and protons are indirectly ionizing particles.
• Barium contrast studies help to assess the GI tract, not vessels, tracheobronchial tree, or spinal cord.
• Clinical MRI primarily images the nuclear magnetic resonance signal of hydrogen ions.
• Clinical MRI primarily images the nuclear magnetic resonance signal of hydrogen ions.

This quiz covers key aspects of breast cancer treatment including adjuvant radiotherapy, as well as critical imaging techniques for diagnosing multiple sclerosis. It also addresses various pulmonary and bone conditions, highlighting signs and symptoms identifiable through imaging. Test your knowledge on these important medical topics!