Medical Conditions: Breast Cancer & MS

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes Perthes disease?

Avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral epiphysis in children (correct)

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in adults

Autosomal recessive bone dysplasia

Avascular necrosis of the distal femoral epiphysis in children

How does a subacute subdural hematoma typically appear on CT?

Isodense to the brain parenchyma

Hyperdense to the brain parenchyma

Hypodense to the brain parenchyma (correct)

Hyperattenuating to the adjacent tissues

Which statement about cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is accurate?

CSF is hyperintense on T1-weighted images

CSF appears isointense on C T imaging

CSF has higher density in Hounsfield units than soft tissues

CSF is hyperintense on T2-weighted images and hypointense on T1 (correct)

Which imaging modality is best suited for the early diagnosis of acute ischemia?

MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the enhancement of brain tumors on CT?

All brain tumors show post-contrast enhancement Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended radiation dose for lymphoma treatment?

Total dose 30-40 Gy Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging standard is primarily used for diagnosing multiple sclerosis?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature associated with B-lines of Kerley?

Interstitial pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

What type of joints are most commonly affected in ankylosing spondylitis?

Sacroiliac (SI) joints and spine Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about MRCP is true?

No contrast and T2 weighted Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT affected in ankylosing spondylitis?

Intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used in VCUG imaging?

X-ray based method with intraluminal CM Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the linear accelerator beam is switched off in the treatment room?

There is a risk of staff exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following X-ray symptoms is NOT seen in rheumatoid arthritis?

Sequestration Signup and view all the answers

Which tumors are known to be radiosensitive?

Schwanoma Signup and view all the answers

How long after symptom onset are the first signs of ischemic stroke usually present on computed tomography?

3-6 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which MRI sequence is most useful in the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke?

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT visible on an X-ray?

Kerley B lines Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings is suggestive of colon cancer?

Colon cancer Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the postcontrast behavior of a liver lesion characterized by progressive centripetal enhancement?

Progressive centripetal enhancement Signup and view all the answers

Which main pathological process is represented by a specific imaging finding?

Osteolysis Signup and view all the answers

What can cause one side of the lung to become hyperdense?

Pleural effusion Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique measures kidney function?

VCUG Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of meningiomas?

They are extraaxial tumors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of radiation is used for therapy?

X-rays Signup and view all the answers

In the context of breast cancer, what is the typical dosage of radiation?

50 Gy Signup and view all the answers

What does the Seldinger technique primarily facilitate?

Access to blood vessels and hollow organs Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging modality uses T1-weighted and T2-weighted contrasts?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

What type of tumor is classified as a clinically evident tumor?

Visible mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of barium in medical imaging?

To contrast the gastrointestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is primarily imaged in clinical MRI?

Hydrogen ions Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging modality is considered interventional?

CT angiography Signup and view all the answers

What does Perthes disease primarily affect?

Proximal femur Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line imaging modality for detecting jaundice?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by pulmonary oligemia?

Tetralogy of Fallot Signup and view all the answers

In the context of imaging, which type of stroke can best be assessed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)?

Ischemic stroke Signup and view all the answers

Which radionuclides are commonly used for imaging in medical applications?

All the above Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Breast Cancer

Adjuvant radiotherapy is recommended after mastectomy in stage pT2pNOcMO with a total dose of 50 Gy.
Postoperative radiotherapy is recommended after mastectomy for stage pT1a pNo cM0.
Standard EBRT dose for postoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer is 40-50 Gy in 20-25 fractions.

Multiple Sclerosis

The imaging standard for multiple sclerosis is MRI.

Pulmonary Conditions

Kerley B lines are a sign of interstitial pulmonary edema.
Air bronchogram on X-ray is a sign of pneumonia.
Bilateral alveolar edema on X-ray can be due to bilateral alveolar pneumonia.

Bone Conditions

Typical malignant bone lesions include periosteal reaction, thinning of the bone, and changes in soft tissue.
Osteolysis is a process where the number and thickness of bone beams decrease.
Osteoporosis is a decrease in bone density, while osteosclerosis is an increase in bone density.
Osteomalacia is a softening of bone tissue, while osteolysis is the destruction of bone tissue.
Perthes disease is avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral epiphysis in children.

Radiotherapy

The usual prescribed radiation dose for lymphoma is 30-40 Gy.
The treatment machine for radiotherapy is a linear accelerator.
Liposarcomas, schwannomas, and stenosis are radiosensitive tumors.
Late reactions in radiotherapy regarding breast cancer include fibrosis.
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a radiation therapy technique used to treat tumors in the brain.
Electrons are used for the radiation of superficial skin tumors.
Indications for palliative radiotherapy include brain metastases, vena cava compression syndrome, uterine bleeding, malignant bone pain, and all of the above.

Other Conditions

Ankylosing spondylitis affects the sacroiliac joints and spine.
Ankylosing spondylitis does not affect the intervertebral joints.
The Seldinger technique is used for catheterization and conventional angiography, access to blood vessels, and hollow organs.
A DEXA scan measures low bone density.
VCUG, ultrasound, and IVU (intravenous urography) are used to assess kidney function. A blood test for creatinine and BUN can also assess kidney function.
A hemangioma in the liver appears as a hypodense lesion on CT.
The golden "S" sign is associated with aortic dissection.
The "batwing" sign is associated with consolidation or opacification associated with pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis.
A visible tumor is called a clinically evident tumor or a visible mass.
Photons are gamma rays.
The modality used for multiple sclerosis diagnosis is MRI.
The imaging modality used for acute ischemic stroke is DWI.
A contraindication for MRI is metal objects in the eye.
Negative X-ray agents for CT and fluoroscopy are air and water.
A simple liver cyst on CT appears hypodense with or without rim enhancement.
The seldinger technique is used for catheterization and conventional angiography, access to blood vessels, and hollow organs.
Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas is most commonly associated with pain or jaundice.
Radionuclides can emit alpha, beta, and gamma particles.
VCUG is used to examine the bladder.
The first-line imaging for jaundice is ultrasound.
PET CT is best used for Hodgkin lymphoma, MALT lymphoma, and CNS lymphoma.
Bone scintigraphy can identify osteoblastic, osteolytic, or mixed bone lesions.
Interventional imaging techniques include CT angiography (CTA) and interventional radiology (IR) with fluoroscopy.
Meningiomas are extraaxial tumors that typically enhance avidly and homogenously.
Tetralogy of Fallot can cause pulmonary oligemia.
Barium is used to contrast the GI tract.
Acute appendicitis may benefit from contrast but is not always needed.
Dynamic CT urography is contraindicated for anatomical studies.
Radiolucent gallstones appear hyperechoic in ultrasound imaging.
Bone marrow edema can be identified on T1, T2, and T2 Fat-Suppressed sequences.

General Radiology

The modality used for imaging the brain after non-contrast CT for hemorrhage is MRI.
Degeneration and arthritis of the facet joint is known as spondylosis.
Electrons, photons, and protons are indirectly ionizing particles.
Barium contrast studies help to assess the GI tract, not vessels, tracheobronchial tree, or spinal cord.
Clinical MRI primarily images the nuclear magnetic resonance signal of hydrogen ions.
Clinical MRI primarily images the nuclear magnetic resonance signal of hydrogen ions.

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Description

This quiz covers key aspects of breast cancer treatment including adjuvant radiotherapy, as well as critical imaging techniques for diagnosing multiple sclerosis. It also addresses various pulmonary and bone conditions, highlighting signs and symptoms identifiable through imaging. Test your knowledge on these important medical topics!