Inflammation: Chemical Mediators and Clinical Examples

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What is the source of plasma-derived chemical mediators in inflammation?

Synthesized de novo

Released from mast cells

Circulating precursors (correct)

Sequestered intracellularly

What is the effect of histamine on arterioles and venules?

Dilation of arterioles and contraction of venular endothelium (correct)

Constriction of both arterioles and venules

Dilation of arterioles and constriction of venules

Constriction of arterioles and dilation of venules

What is the function of serotonin in inflammation?

Increasing vascular permeability

Suppressing the inflammatory response

Causing vasoactive effects similar to histamine (correct)

Promoting platelet aggregation

How are cell-derived chemical mediators produced?

Synthesized de novo Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation?

Widening of inter-endothelial cell junctions Signup and view all the answers

Where is histamine typically found?

Mast cells, basophils, and platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of prostaglandins produced via the cyclooxygenase pathway?

Causing edema and pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of the lipoxygenase pathway?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) on platelets?

Inducing aggregation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) eliminate bacteria?

Oxidative burst Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of nitric oxide on blood vessels?

Vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites in the context of the immune response?

Modulating inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytokines and chemokines in the immune system?

To act as danger signals and activate immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells are the primary producers of cytokines and chemokines?

Lymphocytes and macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cytokines and chemokines on endothelial cells?

They induce changes in morphology and adhesive properties Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neuropeptides in the immune system?

They initiate and regulate inflammatory responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chemokines such as CXCL-8/IL8 and MCP-1?

To induce chemotaxis of leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a systemic effect of cytokines and chemokines?

Fever and increased acute phase proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is characterized by the exudation of cell-poor fluid from plasma or secretions of mesothelial cells?

Serous inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the fluid in fibrinous inflammation?

Fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome if fibrinous exudates are not removed?

Scarring and opaque fibrous thickening Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of pus in purulent inflammation?

Consists of neutrophils, liquefied debris of necrotic cells, and edema fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the conversion of fibrinous exudate to scar tissue?

Opaque fibrous thickening of the pericardium and epicardium Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an abscess?

A localized collection of pus with a central region of necrotic tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of ulcer formation?

It involves the sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common site for ulcer formation?

The skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower extremities Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of catarrhal inflammation?

It is marked by the secretion of mucus Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of pseudomembranous inflammation?

It results in the formation of a false membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is a common site for the formation of peptic ulcers?

The stomach Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of tissue necrosis and inflammation?

The sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue Signup and view all the answers