30 Questions
What is the source of plasma-derived chemical mediators in inflammation?
Circulating precursors
What is the effect of histamine on arterioles and venules?
Dilation of arterioles and contraction of venular endothelium
What is the function of serotonin in inflammation?
Causing vasoactive effects similar to histamine
How are cell-derived chemical mediators produced?
Synthesized de novo
What is the result of increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation?
Widening of inter-endothelial cell junctions
Where is histamine typically found?
Mast cells, basophils, and platelets
What is the primary function of prostaglandins produced via the cyclooxygenase pathway?
Causing edema and pain
Which of the following is NOT a product of the lipoxygenase pathway?
Prostaglandins
What is the primary effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) on platelets?
Inducing aggregation
What is the primary mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) eliminate bacteria?
Oxidative burst
What is the primary effect of nitric oxide on blood vessels?
Vasodilation
What is the primary function of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites in the context of the immune response?
Modulating inflammation
What is the primary function of cytokines and chemokines in the immune system?
To act as danger signals and activate immune cells
Which of the following cells are the primary producers of cytokines and chemokines?
Lymphocytes and macrophages
What is the effect of cytokines and chemokines on endothelial cells?
They induce changes in morphology and adhesive properties
What is the role of neuropeptides in the immune system?
They initiate and regulate inflammatory responses
What is the function of chemokines such as CXCL-8/IL8 and MCP-1?
To induce chemotaxis of leukocytes
Which of the following is a systemic effect of cytokines and chemokines?
Fever and increased acute phase proteins
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the exudation of cell-poor fluid from plasma or secretions of mesothelial cells?
Serous inflammation
What is the primary component of the fluid in fibrinous inflammation?
Fibrin
What is the outcome if fibrinous exudates are not removed?
Scarring and opaque fibrous thickening
What is the characteristic of pus in purulent inflammation?
Consists of neutrophils, liquefied debris of necrotic cells, and edema fluid
What is the outcome of the conversion of fibrinous exudate to scar tissue?
Opaque fibrous thickening of the pericardium and epicardium
What is the characteristic of an abscess?
A localized collection of pus with a central region of necrotic tissue
What is a characteristic feature of ulcer formation?
It involves the sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
Which of the following is a common site for ulcer formation?
The skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower extremities
What is a characteristic of catarrhal inflammation?
It is marked by the secretion of mucus
What is a characteristic feature of pseudomembranous inflammation?
It results in the formation of a false membrane
What is a common site for the formation of peptic ulcers?
The stomach
What is a common consequence of tissue necrosis and inflammation?
The sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
Learn about the different types of chemical mediators involved in inflammation, their role, and their regulation. Understand the special macroscopic appearances in acute inflammation with clinical examples.
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