Chemical Mediators in Inflammation
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Chemical Mediators in Inflammation

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Questions and Answers

What role do leukotrienes play in inflammation?

  • They are anti-inflammatory mediators.
  • They release histamine.
  • They act as chemotactic agents. (correct)
  • They cause vasodilation.

    • Which cells are primarily responsible for producing chemical mediators of inflammation?

  • Mast cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells (correct)
  • Lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • Red blood cells and fibroblasts
  • Neutrophils and platelets

    • Which of the following is associated with the anti-inflammatory properties?

  • Chemokines
  • Leukotrienes (correct)
  • Cytokines
  • Prostaglandins

    • What is one of the primary functions of chemokines during inflammation?

    <p>Enhancing chemotaxis of leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response is characteristic of acute inflammation?

    <p>Increased blood flow and permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response does vasodilation primarily lead to during inflammation?

    <p>Increased pain sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fatty acids do leukotrienes interact with?

    <p>Polyunsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Immediate response to injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the inflammatory process is true?

    <p>Macrophages are involved in the inflammatory response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the onset of acute inflammation?

    <p>Fast onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular infiltrate is primarily associated with chronic inflammation?

    <p>Monocytes and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT typically present in acute inflammation?

    <p>Slow response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chronic inflammation, which process is often involved?

    <p>Fibrosis and angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inflammation has a likelihood of having cardinal signs present?

    <p>Acute inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injuries are most commonly associated with chronic inflammation?

    <p>Physical and chemical injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of acute inflammation?

    <p>Autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily drives the vascular changes in acute inflammation?

    <p>Increased white blood cell activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about tissue injury in acute inflammation is true?

    <p>Usually mild and self-limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characteristic of chemical mediators?

    <p>They can act on blood vessels and inflammatory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells produce cytokines?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of histamine released from mast cells?

    <p>Dilation of arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is known to induce fever?

    <p>Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemical mediator predominantly causes inflammatory reactions?

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is specifically classified as a vasoactive amine?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of inflammation in response to injury?

    <p>To promote healing and protect tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the classical signs of acute inflammation?

    <p>Swelling, redness, heat, pain, and loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of exudate is primarily composed of fluid and cells formed during acute inflammation?

    <p>Purulent exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytosis primarily involves which type of cells in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a triggering stimulus for inflammation?

    <p>Various stimuli, including microbial, immunological, physical, and chemical agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do chemical mediators have in the context of acute inflammation?

    <p>They facilitate various actions that influence inflammation and tissue response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common local reaction seen during the inflammatory process?

    <p>Increased blood flow and local swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is inflammation relevant in dentistry?

    <p>It is associated with conditions like gingivitis and periodontal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the localization of inflammation and its chemicals?

    <p>Inflammation and its chemicals can spread beyond the initial injury site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed in the initial stages of the inflammatory response?

    <p>Active recruitment of white blood cells to the injury site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of opsonization in the immune response?

    <p>To mark antigens for engulfment by white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white blood cells are specifically mentioned as releasing proteolytic enzymes at inflamed tissue sites?

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is NOT mentioned as being released by white blood cells in the context of inflammation?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern of inflammation is associated with the formation of pus?

    <p>Suppurative inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does inflammation have on the host, aside from targeting the insult?

    <p>It can disrupt normal physiological functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a type of inflammation pattern mentioned?

    <p>Eruptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme specifically breaks down collagen in the gingiva?

    <p>Collagenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the role of chemical mediators in the inflammation process?

    <p>They facilitate communication between immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point do immune cells typically arrive to respond to an insult?

    <p>At the site of inflamed tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of liquid, clear fluids?

    <p>Serous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemical Mediators in Inflammation

    • Lipid Compound - Fat Based

      • Prostaglandins are produced by mast cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells
      • Involved in vascular and systemic reactions of inflammation
        • Causes vasodilation, fever, and pain

    • Leukotrienes - produced by leukocytes and mast cells

      • Anti-inflammatory
      • Produced by the action of lipoxygenase, a group of enzymes that introduce oxygen into fatty acids
      • Usually accompanied by histamine and prostaglandins
      • Release lysosomal enzymes
      • Vasoconstriction

    • Chemokines - small proteins

      • Act as chemoattractants - attract specific types of leukocytes
      • Enhance chemotaxis - movement of WBC to a site

    Causes of Inflammation

    • Infections
      • Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
    • Trauma
      • Blunt and penetrating trauma
      • Burns, frostbite, chemicals
    • Tissue Necrosis
      • Physical/chemical injuries
      • Heart attack
      • Collection of dead tissue in a confined space
    • Foreign bodies
      • Splinters, sutures, bone, fingernails
      • Popcorn kernels
    • Immune (hypersensitivity reactions)
      • Triggered by environmental factors
      • Autoimmune diseases

    Comparing Acute and Chronic Inflammation

    • Onset
      • Acute: Fast
      • Chronic: Slow
    • Cellular Infiltrate
      • Acute: Mainly neutrophils
      • Chronic: Monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
    • Tissue Injury/Fibrosis
      • Acute: Usually mild and self-limited
      • Chronic: Long-term exposure
    • Local & Systemic Factors
      • Acute: Prominent
      • Chronic: No cardinal signs
    • Presence of Cardinal Signs
      • Acute: Likely to be present
      • Chronic: No cardinal signs
    • Response to Stimulus
      • Acute: Self-limiting
      • Chronic: Fibrosis and angiogenesis - the tissues create their own blood supply

    Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation

    • Rubor (redness)
    • Calor (heat)
    • Tumor (swelling)
    • Dolor (pain)
    • Loss of function

    Events in Acute Inflammation

    • Vascular Events
      • Increased white blood cells (WBC) - attempting to flush out problems
      • Increased permeability of blood vessels (capillaries)
    • Phagocytosis
      • WBC engulf foreign material
        • Neutrophils and macrophages
        • Release of proteolytic enzymes (collagenase, protease, elastase, lipase)

    Patterns of Acute Inflammation

    • Serous - serous fluid
    • Fibrinous - scarring
    • Suppurative (purulent) - pus/necrotic tissue
    • Ulcerative - break in epithelium

    Chemical Mediators of Inflammation

    • Cytokines - proteins produced by many cells (PMN’s, macrophages, B lymphocytes, epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts, osteoblasts)

      • Examples: Interleukin (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
      • Mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions
        • Roles in activation, differentiation, and neutrophil recruitment
        • TNF can induce fever

    • Vasoactive Amines - Histamine - produced by mast cells

      • Acts on blood vessels
      • Causes dilation of arterioles and increased permeability

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    Description

    Explore the key chemical mediators involved in inflammation, including their types, functions, and mechanisms. This quiz will cover lipid compounds like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, as well as the role of chemokines and various causes of inflammation. Test your understanding of these vital biological processes!

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