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Questions and Answers
What role do leukotrienes play in inflammation?
What role do leukotrienes play in inflammation?
Which cells are primarily responsible for producing chemical mediators of inflammation?
Which cells are primarily responsible for producing chemical mediators of inflammation?
Which of the following is associated with the anti-inflammatory properties?
Which of the following is associated with the anti-inflammatory properties?
What is one of the primary functions of chemokines during inflammation?
What is one of the primary functions of chemokines during inflammation?
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Which response is characteristic of acute inflammation?
Which response is characteristic of acute inflammation?
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What type of response does vasodilation primarily lead to during inflammation?
What type of response does vasodilation primarily lead to during inflammation?
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What type of fatty acids do leukotrienes interact with?
What type of fatty acids do leukotrienes interact with?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following statements regarding the inflammatory process is true?
Which of the following statements regarding the inflammatory process is true?
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What characterizes the onset of acute inflammation?
What characterizes the onset of acute inflammation?
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Which cellular infiltrate is primarily associated with chronic inflammation?
Which cellular infiltrate is primarily associated with chronic inflammation?
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Which feature is NOT typically present in acute inflammation?
Which feature is NOT typically present in acute inflammation?
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What is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
What is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
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In chronic inflammation, which process is often involved?
In chronic inflammation, which process is often involved?
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Which type of inflammation has a likelihood of having cardinal signs present?
Which type of inflammation has a likelihood of having cardinal signs present?
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What type of injuries are most commonly associated with chronic inflammation?
What type of injuries are most commonly associated with chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of acute inflammation?
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What primarily drives the vascular changes in acute inflammation?
What primarily drives the vascular changes in acute inflammation?
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Which statement about tissue injury in acute inflammation is true?
Which statement about tissue injury in acute inflammation is true?
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Which of the following is characteristic of chemical mediators?
Which of the following is characteristic of chemical mediators?
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Which of the following cells produce cytokines?
Which of the following cells produce cytokines?
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What is the primary effect of histamine released from mast cells?
What is the primary effect of histamine released from mast cells?
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Which of the following cytokines is known to induce fever?
Which of the following cytokines is known to induce fever?
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What type of chemical mediator predominantly causes inflammatory reactions?
What type of chemical mediator predominantly causes inflammatory reactions?
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Which chemical mediator is specifically classified as a vasoactive amine?
Which chemical mediator is specifically classified as a vasoactive amine?
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What is the primary purpose of inflammation in response to injury?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation in response to injury?
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Which of the following best describes the classical signs of acute inflammation?
Which of the following best describes the classical signs of acute inflammation?
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What type of exudate is primarily composed of fluid and cells formed during acute inflammation?
What type of exudate is primarily composed of fluid and cells formed during acute inflammation?
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Phagocytosis primarily involves which type of cells in the inflammatory response?
Phagocytosis primarily involves which type of cells in the inflammatory response?
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Which of the following can be a triggering stimulus for inflammation?
Which of the following can be a triggering stimulus for inflammation?
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What effect do chemical mediators have in the context of acute inflammation?
What effect do chemical mediators have in the context of acute inflammation?
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What is a common local reaction seen during the inflammatory process?
What is a common local reaction seen during the inflammatory process?
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Why is inflammation relevant in dentistry?
Why is inflammation relevant in dentistry?
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Which statement is true regarding the localization of inflammation and its chemicals?
Which statement is true regarding the localization of inflammation and its chemicals?
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What is typically observed in the initial stages of the inflammatory response?
What is typically observed in the initial stages of the inflammatory response?
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What is the main function of opsonization in the immune response?
What is the main function of opsonization in the immune response?
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Which white blood cells are specifically mentioned as releasing proteolytic enzymes at inflamed tissue sites?
Which white blood cells are specifically mentioned as releasing proteolytic enzymes at inflamed tissue sites?
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Which of the following enzymes is NOT mentioned as being released by white blood cells in the context of inflammation?
Which of the following enzymes is NOT mentioned as being released by white blood cells in the context of inflammation?
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What pattern of inflammation is associated with the formation of pus?
What pattern of inflammation is associated with the formation of pus?
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What effect does inflammation have on the host, aside from targeting the insult?
What effect does inflammation have on the host, aside from targeting the insult?
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What is NOT a type of inflammation pattern mentioned?
What is NOT a type of inflammation pattern mentioned?
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Which enzyme specifically breaks down collagen in the gingiva?
Which enzyme specifically breaks down collagen in the gingiva?
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What best describes the role of chemical mediators in the inflammation process?
What best describes the role of chemical mediators in the inflammation process?
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At what point do immune cells typically arrive to respond to an insult?
At what point do immune cells typically arrive to respond to an insult?
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What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of liquid, clear fluids?
What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of liquid, clear fluids?
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Study Notes
Chemical Mediators in Inflammation
-
Lipid Compound - Fat Based
- Prostaglandins are produced by mast cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells
- Involved in vascular and systemic reactions of inflammation
- Causes vasodilation, fever, and pain
-
Leukotrienes - produced by leukocytes and mast cells
- Anti-inflammatory
- Produced by the action of lipoxygenase, a group of enzymes that introduce oxygen into fatty acids
- Usually accompanied by histamine and prostaglandins
- Release lysosomal enzymes
- Vasoconstriction
-
Chemokines - small proteins
- Act as chemoattractants - attract specific types of leukocytes
- Enhance chemotaxis - movement of WBC to a site
Causes of Inflammation
- Infections
- Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
- Trauma
- Blunt and penetrating trauma
- Burns, frostbite, chemicals
- Tissue Necrosis
- Physical/chemical injuries
- Heart attack
- Collection of dead tissue in a confined space
- Foreign bodies
- Splinters, sutures, bone, fingernails
- Popcorn kernels
- Immune (hypersensitivity reactions)
- Triggered by environmental factors
- Autoimmune diseases
Comparing Acute and Chronic Inflammation
-
Onset
- Acute: Fast
- Chronic: Slow
-
Cellular Infiltrate
- Acute: Mainly neutrophils
- Chronic: Monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
-
Tissue Injury/Fibrosis
- Acute: Usually mild and self-limited
- Chronic: Long-term exposure
-
Local & Systemic Factors
- Acute: Prominent
- Chronic: No cardinal signs
-
Presence of Cardinal Signs
- Acute: Likely to be present
- Chronic: No cardinal signs
-
Response to Stimulus
- Acute: Self-limiting
- Chronic: Fibrosis and angiogenesis - the tissues create their own blood supply
Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation
- Rubor (redness)
- Calor (heat)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Dolor (pain)
- Loss of function
Events in Acute Inflammation
-
Vascular Events
- Increased white blood cells (WBC) - attempting to flush out problems
- Increased permeability of blood vessels (capillaries)
-
Phagocytosis
- WBC engulf foreign material
- Neutrophils and macrophages
- Release of proteolytic enzymes (collagenase, protease, elastase, lipase)
- WBC engulf foreign material
Patterns of Acute Inflammation
- Serous - serous fluid
- Fibrinous - scarring
- Suppurative (purulent) - pus/necrotic tissue
- Ulcerative - break in epithelium
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
-
Cytokines - proteins produced by many cells (PMN’s, macrophages, B lymphocytes, epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts, osteoblasts)
- Examples: Interleukin (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
- Mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions
- Roles in activation, differentiation, and neutrophil recruitment
- TNF can induce fever
-
Vasoactive Amines - Histamine - produced by mast cells
- Acts on blood vessels
- Causes dilation of arterioles and increased permeability
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Description
Explore the key chemical mediators involved in inflammation, including their types, functions, and mechanisms. This quiz will cover lipid compounds like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, as well as the role of chemokines and various causes of inflammation. Test your understanding of these vital biological processes!
