Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What is the name for the protein-rich fluid that leaks into the tissue at sites of inflammation?

  • Chemotaxis
  • Exudate (correct)
  • Endothelium
  • Purulent exudate

    • What are the cells that actively move toward the site of injury in a process termed chemotaxis?

  • Endothelial cells
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • Macrophages
  • Monocytes

    • What is the term used for the small blood vessels to which activated neutrophils adhere during inflammation?

  • Venules
  • Exudate
  • Endothelium (correct)
  • Capillaries

    • Which type of exudate is rich in the protein fibrin derived from fibrinogen in the blood?

    <p>Fibrinous exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do acute phase proteins help protect the body from?

    <p>Tissue injury caused by inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the proteins released by the liver in response to tissue injury or inflammation?

    <p>C-reactive protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is called resolution in the context of inflammation?

    <p>Return to normal of tissues after mild inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed from granulation tissue by the deposition of collagen in the area of damage?

    <p>Scar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if scar tissue subsequent to severe inflammation is so severe that function is seriously disturbed?

    <p>Functional cells may not be replaced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in acute and chronic inflammation, followed by the formation of granulation tissue?

    <p>Release of DAMPs from dying cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a myocardial infarct, also known as a heart attack?

    <p>Death of heart muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

    <p>Increased fibrinogen levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for monitoring for the presence of diseases associated with inflammation?

    <p>Erythrocyte sedimentation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accelerates its production during severe inflammation?

    <p>Monocytes and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often measured to monitor the activity of diseases characterized by tissue inflammation?

    <p>C-reactive protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released into the bloodstream in response to tissue injury or inflammation?

    <p>Acute phase proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomal enzymes in the inflammatory process?

    <p>They are capable of digesting foreign material brought into the cytoplasm by phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way in which the complement system can be activated?

    <p>By pathogen components containing certain sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neutrophils and monocytes release during phagocytosis that is important in destroying bacteria and fungi?

    <p>Oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of mediators from other sources, intensifying the inflammatory reaction?

    <p>The release of mediators from any source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the inflammatory process persists and causes extensive tissue injury?

    <p>Suppression of the immune response may be required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with lifelong and repeated infections by bacteria and fungi due to lack of oxidative killing of pathogens?

    <p>Chronic granulomatous disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lysosomes contain that are capable of digesting foreign material brought into the cytoplasm?

    <p>Potent enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the interaction of mediators in the inflammatory process?

    <p>The release of mediators from any source initiates the inflammatory process and induces release of more mediators from other sources, intensifying the inflammatory reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical mediators?

    <p>Neutrophils, monocytes, and tissue macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released from damaged neutrophils and monocytes during an inflammatory reaction?

    <p>Potent oxidizing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way is tissue injury in an area of inflammation a result of the inflammatory reaction itself?

    <p>It generates more mediators, inducing further inflammatory changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to reduce tissue damage resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory process?

    <p>Adrenal corticosteroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about mediators of inflammation?

    <p>Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) function by promoting the production of mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of mast cells in the inflammatory process?

    <p>Releasing preformed granules containing histamine and other chemicals to initiate the inflammatory process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in the inflammatory process?

    <p>Intensifying the inflammatory process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of cytokines in inflammation?

    <p>They may act both locally and systemically to modulate inflammatory reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bradykinins formed in response to tissue injury?

    <p>They are formed through a series of reactions triggered by proteins involved in blood coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about complement proteins is true?

    <p>Complement proteins participate in both the nonspecific and specific responses to cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the inflammatory process?

    <p>Inducing fever, malaise, and increased synthesis of acute-phase reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of histamine on blood vessels during inflammation?

    <p>Increasing vascular permeability and acting as a potent vasodilator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of blood platelets in the release of mediators during inflammation?

    <p>They adhere to collagen fragments at the site of blood vessel injury and release mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen function in the inflammatory process?

    <p>By inhibiting the production of mediators like prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are leukotrienes synthesized from in response to stimuli that induce inflammation?

    <p>Arachidonic acid present in cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein-rich fluid that leaks into the tissue at sites of inflammation called?

    <p>Serous exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process in which neutrophils actively move toward the site of injury?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the immune cells attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical mediators?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition associated with lifelong and repeated infections by bacteria and fungi due to lack of oxidative killing of pathogens?

    <p>Chronic granulomatous disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome called when the inflammatory process is mild and the tissues return to normal?

    <p>Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein, often measured to monitor diseases characterized by tissue inflammation, is released into the bloodstream in response to tissue injury or inflammation?

    <p>C-reactive protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a measure of how quickly red cells settle out of the blood placed in a tube?

    <p>Increase in fibrinogen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intermediate step in the repair process where damaged cells are replaced and the framework of the injured tissue is repaired?

    <p>Granulation tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result from the fibrous scar tissue termed adhesions bridging adjacent surfaces in cases where a fibrinous exudate involves two surfaces in close proximity?

    <p>Adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the necessary patch to heal damage to an organ but can lead to disturbed function if the scarring is severe?

    <p>Scar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of C-reactive protein in the body?

    <p>Monitoring inflammation activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in systemic effects such as elevated temperature and accelerated production of neutrophils during severe inflammation?

    <p>Acute phase proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accelerates its production of neutrophils and monocytes during severe inflammation?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are released into the bloodstream in response to tissue injury or inflammation, helping protect the body from the tissue injury caused by inflammation?

    <p>Acute phase proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is called when healing occurs and damaged cells are replaced, producing connective tissue fibers and new blood vessels?

    <p>Granulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the process where adhesions bridging adjacent surfaces may result when a fibrinous exudate involves two surfaces in close proximity?

    <p>Adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of histamine during inflammation?

    <p>Induce vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of mast cells in the inflammatory process?

    <p>Release chemicals to initiate inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin function in the inflammatory process?

    <p>Inhibit the production of prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bradykinins formed in response to tissue injury?

    <p>Help recruit neutrophils to injured sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytokines in the inflammatory process?

    <p>Modulate immune reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the formation of bradykinins in response to tissue injury?

    <p>Activation of proteins concerned with blood coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of blood platelets in the release of mediators during inflammation?

    <p>Adhere to collagen fragments at the site of blood vessel injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are leukotrienes synthesized from in response to stimuli that induce inflammation?

    <p><strong>Arachidonic acid</strong> present in cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released from damaged neutrophils and monocytes during an inflammatory reaction?

    <p>Enzymes and toxic substances for pathogen destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the interaction of mediators in the inflammatory process?

    <p>They function in a regular sequence to yield a series of by-products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the inflammatory process persists and causes extensive tissue injury?

    <p>Scar tissue subsequent to severe inflammation disturbs function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of lysosomal enzymes in the inflammatory process?

    <p>To digest material brought into the cytoplasm by phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with lifelong and repeated infections by bacteria and fungi due to lack of oxidative killing of pathogens?

    <p>Chronic granulomatous disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the tissue injury in an area of inflammation?

    <p>The injurious agent and the inflammatory reaction itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of histamine on blood vessels during inflammation?

    <p>Dilation of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are potent oxidizing agents important in destroying bacteria and fungi during inflammation?

    <p>By being discharged into phagocytic vacuoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the inflammatory process persists and causes extensive tissue injury?

    <p>Suppression by administering corticosteroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the interaction of mediators in the inflammatory process?

    <p>Mediators from any source lead to the formation of mediators from other sources, which intensifies the inflammatory reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a measure  of how quickly red cells settle out  of blood placed  in a tube?

    <p>Tissue  injury due  to injurious agents and inflammatory reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neutrophils and monocytes release during phagocytosis that is important  in destroying bacteria and fungi?

    <p>Lysosomal enzymes and oxidizing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammation

    • The protein-rich fluid that leaks into tissue at sites of inflammation is called exudate.

    Chemotaxis

    • Chemotaxis is the process in which neutrophils actively move toward the site of injury.
    • Immune cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical mediators.

    Exudate

    • Fibrinous exudate is rich in the protein fibrin derived from fibrinogen in the blood.

    Acute Phase Proteins

    • Acute phase proteins help protect the body from tissue injury or inflammation.
    • C-reactive protein is released by the liver in response to tissue injury or inflammation.

    Resolution

    • Resolution is the process where healing occurs, and damaged cells are replaced, producing connective tissue fibers and new blood vessels.

    Scar Tissue

    • Scar tissue is formed from granulation tissue by the deposition of collagen in the area of damage.
    • If scar tissue subsequent to severe inflammation is so severe that function is seriously disturbed, it can result in a condition known as adhesions, which can lead to disturbed function.

    Inflammatory Process

    • The inflammatory process can result in acute and chronic inflammation, followed by the formation of granulation tissue.
    • A myocardial infarct, also known as a heart attack, can be caused by the formation of a thrombus (blood clot) in a coronary artery, which blocks blood flow to the heart.

    Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

    • An increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) results from acute and chronic inflammation, which causes an increase in plasma proteins, leading to increased red blood cell aggregation.
    • C-reactive protein is often measured to monitor the activity of diseases characterized by tissue inflammation.

    Monitoring Inflammation

    • The liver accelerates the production of acute phase proteins during severe inflammation.
    • The liver releases C-reactive protein in response to tissue injury or inflammation, which helps protect the body from tissue injury caused by inflammation.

    Lysosomal Enzymes

    • Lysosomal enzymes are released during phagocytosis, which is important in destroying bacteria and fungi.
    • Lysosomes contain enzymes capable of digesting foreign material brought into the cytoplasm.

    Complement System

    • The complement system can be activated through one way, which leads to the formation of mediators from other sources, intensifying the inflammatory reaction.

    Mediators

    • Mediators released from damaged neutrophils and monocytes during an inflammatory reaction lead to the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
    • Histamine is released from mast cells, causing increased permeability of blood vessels and smooth muscle contraction.

    Tissue Injury

    • Tissue injury in an area of inflammation is a result of the inflammatory reaction itself.

    Chronic Granulomatous Disease

    • Chronic granulomatous disease is a condition associated with lifelong and repeated infections by bacteria and fungi due to lack of oxidative killing of pathogens.

    Mast Cells

    • Mast cells play a key role in the inflammatory process by releasing histamine, which increases permeability of blood vessels and causes smooth muscle contraction.

    Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

    • Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are formed in response to stimuli that induce inflammation, causing increased permeability of blood vessels and smooth muscle contraction.

    Cytokines

    • Cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), play a key role in the inflammatory process by attracting immune cells to the site of inflammation.

    Bradykinins

    • Bradykinins are formed in response to tissue injury, causing increased permeability of blood vessels and smooth muscle contraction.

    Histamine

    • Histamine is released from mast cells, causing increased permeability of blood vessels and smooth muscle contraction.

    Blood Platelets

    • Blood platelets release mediators during inflammation, leading to the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

    Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

    • NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, function in the inflammatory process by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

    Leukotrienes

    • Leukotrienes are synthesized from arachidonic acid in response to stimuli that induce inflammation, causing increased permeability of blood vessels and smooth muscle contraction.

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    Description

    Learn about the nonspecific, stereotyped response to tissue injury known as the inflammatory reaction, and the role of chemical mediators of inflammation in causing this response. Explore how these mediators are formed and released when tissue damage is detected.

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