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Questions and Answers
What is one characteristic that defines fandom?
What is one characteristic that defines fandom?
What does the term 'must-see blackness' refer to in the context of black fandoms?
What does the term 'must-see blackness' refer to in the context of black fandoms?
How does online engagement impact fandom behavior?
How does online engagement impact fandom behavior?
What aspect of cultural production allows fans to create new works?
What aspect of cultural production allows fans to create new works?
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What is one way that critical media policy can impact societal norms?
What is one way that critical media policy can impact societal norms?
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How are fandom and consumption related according to Gwenllian Jones?
How are fandom and consumption related according to Gwenllian Jones?
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Which of the following discourses does black fandom embody?
Which of the following discourses does black fandom embody?
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What role does social media play in fandoms according to the content?
What role does social media play in fandoms according to the content?
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What does spatial convergence refer to?
What does spatial convergence refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT a form of place making as defined by Ito et al.?
Which of the following is NOT a form of place making as defined by Ito et al.?
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What is planned obsolescence?
What is planned obsolescence?
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Which of the following technologies contributed to the idea that tech encourages people to go out?
Which of the following technologies contributed to the idea that tech encourages people to go out?
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What is the primary mobile kit?
What is the primary mobile kit?
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What is a potential disadvantage of planned obsolescence?
What is a potential disadvantage of planned obsolescence?
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What does 'ambient awareness' in mobile media imply?
What does 'ambient awareness' in mobile media imply?
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Which concept describes the temporary use of public spaces for work?
Which concept describes the temporary use of public spaces for work?
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What is the primary argument made by defenders of the free market regarding the media industry?
What is the primary argument made by defenders of the free market regarding the media industry?
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What does self-regulation in the media industry primarily aim to address?
What does self-regulation in the media industry primarily aim to address?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to the rise of media globalization?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to the rise of media globalization?
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Which of the following describes a challenge Hollywood faces in China?
Which of the following describes a challenge Hollywood faces in China?
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What is one of the '5 key relationships to manage' for media in China?
What is one of the '5 key relationships to manage' for media in China?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of media globalization?
Which of the following is a characteristic of media globalization?
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What does the term 'economies of scale' refer to in the context of globalization of film?
What does the term 'economies of scale' refer to in the context of globalization of film?
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What impact does media globalization have on the production of films?
What impact does media globalization have on the production of films?
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What is the main goal of deregulation in the media industry?
What is the main goal of deregulation in the media industry?
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What is meant by 'vertical integration' in media companies?
What is meant by 'vertical integration' in media companies?
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What is 'synergy' in the context of media conglomerates?
What is 'synergy' in the context of media conglomerates?
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What is the primary concern of critics regarding conglomerate power in media?
What is the primary concern of critics regarding conglomerate power in media?
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What kind of integration involves owning various media sectors to spread risk?
What kind of integration involves owning various media sectors to spread risk?
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What does the term 'illusion of diversity' refer to in media contexts?
What does the term 'illusion of diversity' refer to in media contexts?
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How has media merger activity changed competition among companies?
How has media merger activity changed competition among companies?
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What does the concept of 'power is knowledge' signify in media regulation discussions?
What does the concept of 'power is knowledge' signify in media regulation discussions?
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What is the primary goal of broadcasting?
What is the primary goal of broadcasting?
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Which of the following best describes narrowcasting?
Which of the following best describes narrowcasting?
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What are the four forms of audience segmentation?
What are the four forms of audience segmentation?
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What is first-party data?
What is first-party data?
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What does interactive microtargeting utilize for advertising?
What does interactive microtargeting utilize for advertising?
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Why are children considered a desirable demographic for media producers?
Why are children considered a desirable demographic for media producers?
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What is lookalike modeling in interactive microtargeting?
What is lookalike modeling in interactive microtargeting?
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What characterizes the 'least objectionable programming' logic in broadcasting?
What characterizes the 'least objectionable programming' logic in broadcasting?
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What characterizes viral videos in relation to traditional media?
What characterizes viral videos in relation to traditional media?
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Which statement accurately reflects the nature of participatory culture in digital environments?
Which statement accurately reflects the nature of participatory culture in digital environments?
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What is a defining feature of influencers in the context of web 2.0 technology?
What is a defining feature of influencers in the context of web 2.0 technology?
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What are 'hooks' in viral videos understood to symbolize?
What are 'hooks' in viral videos understood to symbolize?
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How do Multi-Channel Networks (MCNs) contribute to YouTube's content landscape?
How do Multi-Channel Networks (MCNs) contribute to YouTube's content landscape?
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Which of the following best describes the costs associated with Web 2.0 participatory culture?
Which of the following best describes the costs associated with Web 2.0 participatory culture?
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What can be inferred about the relationship between user-generated content and corporate platforms?
What can be inferred about the relationship between user-generated content and corporate platforms?
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Influencers have a unique position in media because they are often seen as what?
Influencers have a unique position in media because they are often seen as what?
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Study Notes
Media Studies Exam Prep - Weeks 9-11
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Broadcasting vs. Narrowcasting:
- Broadcasting focuses on mass audiences, aiming for the largest possible audience. The goal is broad appeal, often using "least objectionable programming."
- Narrowcasting focuses on niche audiences, targeting specific demographics. The goal is to reach a specific audience for advertisers to promote products targeted toward that niche.
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Audience Segmentation:
- Different groups of people are targeted through audience segmentation, as media producers want to reach the segments likely to value and spend money on their products.
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4 Forms of Segmentation:
- Geographic (not as useful for national brands)
- Demographic (characteristics like gender, age, education)
- Lifestyle (interests and hobbies)
- Psychographic (personality characteristics)
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Data Collection:
- Consumer profiles are built from data (data points) accumulated from online user activity.
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Data Sources:
- First-party data collected by the site/platform
- Third-party data bought from data brokers
- Data collection is used for microtargeting (e.g., Einstein).
Two Understandings of the Child Audience
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Media Industry: (Producers, distributors, advertisers, marketers, app creators)
- Children are a desirable and lucrative demographic because they're high-frequent consumers.
- Kids learn brand loyalty early. Media creates conditioning toward brands.
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Protectionist: (Parents, watchdogs, educators, regulators)
- Children are viewed as vulnerable and needing protection from potentially harmful media.
- Consumption of media is often seen as a passive activity, lacking critical decision-making skills.
- Considers how messages are presented and consumed
Children and Television (Why?)
- Consumption is passive: Children passively consume TV rather than actively engaging with it.
- TV as a window to the world: TV is a source for them to learn about the world and others.
- TV as a teaching tool: Programs can facilitate learning (math, words, behaviours).
Productivity Practices of Consumption
- Interpretation
- Speculation
- Projection
- Discussion
Defining Fandom
- High engagement
- Close scrutiny
- Social practice
- Public display of fandom (e.g., posters, clothing)
Black Fandoms
- Interventionist approach in examining black fandoms by focusing on how they deviate from mainstream, white fandoms.
- Interlocking discourses within black fandoms:
- Must-see blackness (consuming as civic duty)
- Economic consumption (monetary support)
- Pedagogical properties (teaching tools and role models)
Fandom Online
- The internet facilitates fan engagement and behavior
- Info seeking, consumption, backstage access, social media, and community through online networks are key aspects of fandom online
Cultural Production
- Fans build upon/transform texts.
- Creativity in media and art can be inspired by fandom.
Industrial Utility of Fandom (Gwenllian Jones)
- Fandom is a product of industrial processes, not just a social community
- Consumption, not critique, is the basis of fandom.
- Consumers are also brand advocates.
Critical Media Policy
- A tool to analyze media, power, and society.
- Policy analysis often considers the “values, meanings, and systems of power” which influence policy.
Media Policy (Kirkpatrick)
- Defines formal and informal rules, regulations: How do these shape production, distribution, and consumption of media?
Media Conglomerate/ Vertical Integration
- Media companies merge to create large corporations that control production from start to finish across multiple media platforms.
- Companies controlling multiple formats and stages of production can reduce costs and improve profits.
Horizontal Integration
- Owning many different media divisions within a company.
- Helps reduce risk in one division and increase diversity of platforms while avoiding putting all eggs in one basket.
Synergy
- The benefits of consolidating (different) media divisions in the same company to enhance media visibility and efficiency.
Media Globalization
- Instantaneous and interconnected global media communication and connections (across time and space)
Globalization of Film
- Development of Small/major studio film production, and promotional and distribution mechanisms.
Hollywood in China
- The challenges Hollywood faces in China, including import quotas, censorship, and needing to work with Chinese distributors and exhibitors,
- To do well in China Hollywood films/content must prioritize cultural appropriation while appealing to audience preferences (content with some cultural specificity)
US TV Production Advantages and Challenges
- US TV producers can have an advantage in international markets where their strategy, and quality produce high-performing content, potentially reducing costs and risk.
- Faced with competition from other parts of the world
Co-production
- Different companies sharing costs and creative input in productions, tailoring the content to particular markets, resulting in benefits across multiple platforms (tax incentives, lowered production costs, etc.)
Formatting
- Companies adapting their ideas and products to local markets/formats/preferences. Companies improve success when they tailor their work for the specific audience/culture to which it's targeted.
Multiple Proximities
- People's relationships with media and culture can be complex, as consumers can be connected to their own cultural spaces, but also more globally through media consumption.
Technological Determinism
- Technologies have a profound impact on how people consume media, engaging with new forms of media and consuming them in new ways.
The Medium is the Message
- The key element of the medium/style of media is more important/influential than the content/message itself
Development of New Technologies
- Technical development is driven by human interest, but also by businesses and governments.
- Innovation in technology creates new ways people distribute, create, and consume media content.
Discourses on Mobile Media
- Mobile media use evolved from being primarily a home/work phenomenon to also including outside use cases.
- Mobile technology has reshaped how people live and work, connecting them with others.
Spatial Convergence
- Technology blurs the lines between public and private spaces and physical and virtual experiences, connecting people and businesses with each other
Planned Obsolecence
- Companies design products with a limited lifetime (intended lifespan) in order to create demand for future upgrades.
- Pro= increased efficiency, consumer demand, and product innovation.
Components of Mobile Gaming
- Accessibility in software and gameplay
- Everyday ubiquity of gaming
- Variable monetization
- Game space is separate from player space (real world interaction)
Video Game Spectatorship
- Esports- professional gaming tournaments
- The spectacle of gaming: how watching a gaming competition has elements of other entertainment media.
Web 2.0
- Technology of platforms driving the interaction/sharing nature of participatory culture
- Focus on shared creation, knowledge, and culture.
Viral Video
- Viral videos are fueled by user-generated content distribution and networked practices
- Videos are attractive because of “hooks”, or catchphrases/ideas that share common characteristics.
Costs of Web 2.0
- Many corporations take advantage of user-generated content
- Profits are often made from user engagement, not content-creation payment
Influencers
- Top content producers who are popular.
- Their presence in social spaces shapes consumer behaviour and preferences.
Intermediaries as Productive (Lobato)
- Companies and platforms that support content producers, often influencing the types of content that become popular.
Definitions of Surveillance
- Surveillance is the act of observing and monitoring without being seen/aware
- Digital trails and data collected from users across many platforms create a complex system of surveillance.
Sensor Society (Andrejevic & Burdon)
- Focuses on constant monitoring and data collection. Technologies are always active in tracking individuals.
- Data is collected passively and in large quantities.
Cryptopticon
- Describes the way corporate and governmental surveillance works together in modern society
- Massive and precise data gathering, and the goals of this data collection.
State Surveillance
- The intention of states to monitor and surveil citizens' interactions.
- Uses methods to track, capture, process, and share information on individuals (direct and indirect).
Reputation Management
- The process of maintaining and controlling one's online presence and reputation.
- The process of controlling social media profiles to maintain social-media presence.
Managing Privacy (Social Contexts)
- Controlling the extent of exposure on social media. This differs depending on the audience or context.
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Description
Prepare for your Media Studies exam with this quiz covering key concepts from Weeks 9 to 11. Topics include broadcasting vs. narrowcasting, audience segmentation methods, and the importance of data collection in targeting niche markets. Enhance your understanding of media strategies to perform better in your studies.
