Media Framing Theory Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does framing primarily help individuals achieve in dealing with complex realities?

  • Promoting absolute truth
  • Eliminating biases in perception
  • Selecting and organizing information (correct)
  • Highlighting irrelevant details

Which of the following best describes the relationship between media and framing according to the everyday theory?

  • Media can manipulate facts and create oppositions to real truth (correct)
  • Media is always a reliable source of information
  • Media clearly presents complex realities without distortion
  • Media solely reflects objective truths

What aspect of framing allows for the alignment of events to create a unified narrative?

  • Frame magnification
  • Frame articulation (correct)
  • Frame separation
  • Frame distortion

According to social-scientific theory, what are frames considered as?

<p>Cognitive schemata for interpreting reality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major focus of framing according to Entman et al. (2009)?

<p>Sizing elements of reality for salience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains why individuals often avoid extensive thinking when interpreting information?

<p>Cognitive misers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do news frames play according to the content provided?

<p>They impose order on the social world to reshape reality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Goffman, what is the 'frame of the activity'?

<p>Organizational premises maintained in the mind and activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lippmann note about people's perception of the world?

<p>The world is often distant and ignored by the majority. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tools do journalists use to create news frames?

<p>Metaphors, catch-phrases, and visual images (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the strategic choices actors make in framing situations?

<p>Framing entrepreneurship (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the relationship between reality and framing according to framing theory?

<p>Framing is unlimited except by reality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does not affect the meaning generated by a frame?

<p>Emotional state of observers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does framing theory view agency in relation to material constraints?

<p>Agency exists but is limited by reality's constraints. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'narrative fidelity' refer to in the context of frames?

<p>The cultural resonance and acceptance of a frame (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the diachronic nature of frames?

<p>Frames evolve and change depending on context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element is essential for understanding the meanings generated by a frame?

<p>The frame’s context and its social implications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is reality essential to framing according to framing analysis?

<p>It offers material constraints that limit framing choices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to the novelty of a collective action frame?

<p>The manner of articulation and splicing of ideational elements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of a frame as defined by Benford and Snow?

<p>Historical narration of events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Entman, framing devices are important in establishing which aspect of events?

<p>The common sense interpretation of events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Gamson and Modigliani define framing as?

<p>A narrative that provides context to a series of events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Edelmann describe the social world?

<p>As a kaleidoscope of potential realities influenced by framing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the active and processual nature of framing?

<p>Frames are dynamic and evolve as contexts change. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of issue frames according to Entman et al.?

<p>To define problems and make moral judgments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When individuals assess a situation, what question do they essentially ask?

<p>What is it that’s going on here? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of framing imply about how worldviews operate?

<p>Worldviews are influenced by personal bias. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'framing distortion' refer to?

<p>The use of frames to manipulate reality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes the nature of framing?

<p>Framing creates a limited understanding of reality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does framing allow for multiple meanings of the same reality?

<p>By being influenced by cultural and contextual differences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ritual slaughter, which framing perspective would most likely emphasize ethical considerations?

<p>A question of animal well-being. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it vital for communication scientists to analyze what gets ignored in framing?

<p>To reveal the underlying truths that may be overlooked. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a consequence of framing a subject in a specific way?

<p>It can lead to misinterpretations of the surrounding facts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of framing as it relates to ritual slaughter?

<p>Ritual slaughter presented as part of diverse cultural and ethical debates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does framing allow individuals to do with complex reality?

<p>Select and transform reality into manageable information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication does the selection process in framing have?

<p>Some elements are omitted from representation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does organization within a frame affect meaning?

<p>It enhances coherence and can change the way elements are understood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are frames considered inevitable according to the content?

<p>They simplify complex information to make it accessible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the consequence of lacking a frame?

<p>The world is meaningless (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do anecdotes and stereotypes play in framing?

<p>They can highlight or obscure elements in the frame (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Goffman's concept of 'frame of the activity' emphasize?

<p>The necessity of coherent organization to understand reality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of framing, how is reality characterized?

<p>Complex and multifaceted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a frame?

<p>To create a structured, meaningful interpretation of selected elements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the idea of ideological coloring in understanding reality?

<p>Interpretations of reality are often subjective and influenced by frames (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Framing Analysis

A method for analyzing communication, focusing on how a message is structured and presented to influence how it is understood.

Frames

Mental blueprints or frameworks that people use to filter information, organize experiences, and interpret reality.

Frame Articulation

The process of deliberately choosing specific aspects of a story and highlighting them to influence how an audience understands an issue or event.

Applications of Framing Theory

Framing theories help us understand how media messages influence people's interpretations. They can be applied to various communication contexts, like political campaigns or news reporting.

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Lasswell's Formula

This formula asks: Who says what, to whom, through which channel, and with what effect? It helps us understand the context, actors, content, and impact of communication.

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Framing

The way information is presented, packaged, and structured, influencing how we understand and interpret it.

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Cognitive Misers

Our tendency to favor quick and effortless thinking to save mental energy.

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Cognitive Misers and Frames

Mental shortcuts, like frames, make processing information easy and efficient. They help us make sense of the world with less effort.

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Frames and Limited Information

Frames are particularly important when we lack direct experience or information about an issue.

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Media Framing

Media plays a crucial role in shaping how we perceive and understand the world, especially complex events.

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Diagnosis

A key component of framing that identifies the problem or issue at hand.

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Propositions

The proposed solutions or actions to address the problem identified within a frame.

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Motivation

The reasons and motivations that inspire individuals to take action based on a frame.

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Naturalized Frames

The idea that frames shape how people perceive and understand events, making them seem natural and inevitable.

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Active, Processual Phenomenon

The dynamic and evolving process of framing, highlighting the agency and contention involved in reality construction.

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What are frames?

Frames are mental frameworks or structures that help us understand and interpret reality. They act like filters, selecting and organizing information from our complex world.

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Why do we need frames?

Reality is incredibly complex, so we can't absorb it all. We need to simplify it by selecting and organizing information. This is what frames do.

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How do frames select information?

Frames focus on specific aspects of reality, highlighting them while neglecting others. It's like taking a snapshot of a vast landscape.

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How do frames influence understanding?

Because frames pick and choose what's important, different frames can create different interpretations of the same reality.

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How do frames organize information?

Frames organize selected information in a meaningful way to create a coherent story. Imagine assembling puzzle pieces to form a picture.

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Why are frames necessary for action?

We need frames to make sense of the world and act upon it. Without them, reality would be too overwhelming to grasp.

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Are frames neutral or ideological?

Frames shape the way we view the world, leading to different perspectives and ideologies. There is no neutral or objective understanding.

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Are frames inevitable?

Frames are unavoidable because they allow us to understand complexity. Without them, the world would be meaningless.

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Why is framing theory important?

Framing theory helps us understand how information is presented, how it influences our understanding, and ultimately how it shapes our actions.

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How is reality turned into information?

The transformation of reality into information involves selecting, organizing, and narrating elements within a frame. This process shapes our understanding of the world.

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Frames and Neutrality

Frames are not neutral. They are constructed to favor a particular viewpoint or interpretation, often influencing our opinions without us realizing it.

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Beyond the Frame

There's always more to the story than what's presented in a frame. Communication scientists explore what gets left out, what's beyond the frame.

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Infinite Realities

The same reality can be understood in countless ways, depending on how it's framed. Each frame emphasizes different aspects, leading to diverse interpretations.

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Everyday Framing

People use framing in everyday life to make sense of the world, from selecting news stories to forming opinions on political issues.

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Framing in Communication

Framing is a powerful tool in communication. It can be used to inform, persuade, and even manipulate. Being aware of framing is essential for critical thinking.

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Limits of Framing

Frames limit our understanding of reality. We only see what the frame allows us to see, potentially missing important information or perspectives.

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Framing as a Process

Framing is an active process. It's not about static frames, but about ongoing negotiation and power struggles over meaning.

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Framing as an Active Process

The idea that we actively create meaning by selecting and organizing information, shaping how we interpret reality.

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Context Matters for Framing

The influence of a frame depends on the social, cultural, economic, or temporal context in which it is presented.

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Frame as a Lens on Reality

Frames shape our understanding by offering a specific perspective, often emphasizing certain aspects and downplaying others.

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Frames as Shared Patterns

Frames can be understood as collective patterns shared by a social group, reflecting their beliefs and values.

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Reality Limits Framing

The act of framing is limited by the real world's constraints, even though we can choose how to present it.

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Framing Analysis & Strategic Choices

Framing analysis focuses on understanding the strategic choices actors make when framing a situation.

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Framing Theory: Agency and Structure

Framing theory and analysis center on understanding how actors select and combine information, ultimately influencing how we interpret reality.

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Framing as a Strategy

Frames can be used as a political or media strategy to influence public opinion and shape understanding of issues or events.

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Study Notes

Communication Science

  • Dr. Elke Mahieu is the lecturer.

Lasswell's Formula (1948)

  • What?: What content? What is the meaning of the message?
  • To Whom?: Who is the public? To whom is the message addressed? What are the characteristics of the audience?
  • Who?: Which individuals? Which organizations?
  • Why?: What is the intended and actual effect of the message? What does the message try to achieve?
  • And How?: Which channels are being used? What technology is being deployed? How is the message conveyed?

Framing Analysis

  • Framing is a theory of content and meaning.

Framing as an Everyday Theory

  • Related to media and how they present facts.
  • Implies that media can be biased (lies, manipulation, twisting facts).
  • There's an opposition between the real truth and media's portrayal.

Fox News v. Fox News Latino

  • Analysis of how different versions of a single story are presented for different targets.

Framing as a Social-Scientific Theory

  • Definitions:
    • Frames are cognitive schemata that allow interpretation
    • The essence of framing is making elements more or less prominent. (sizing, magnifying or shrinking elements).
    • Articulation connects and aligns events.

Framing as a Social-Scientific Theory (continued)

  • The Organization of Experience (Goffman): How we understand our reality, including the subjective component of our involvement.
  • Elements of Frames (Benford & Snow): A diagnosis of the problem, solutions/tactics, and motivating for action.
  • Frames as "natural" Choices: Framing devices seem unremarkable, but choices in wording and images are crucial to the meaning.

Framing as a Social-Scientific Theory (continued)

  • Frames describe a "kaleidoscope of potential realities," as reality can be altered through differing interpretations.

Framing as a Social-Scientific Theory (continued)

  • Frames help individuals answer "what's going on here?", using basic organizational premises both in minds and activities. (Goffman).
  • Frames provide a quick way to process information (cognitive misers), thus contributing to a way of making sense of the world (Fiske & Taylor).

Framing as a Social-Scientific Theory (continued)

  • Media as "the chief of symbolic contact" provides influence over public opinion, perceptions, and behavior.
  • The news media structure and organize reality into coherent events, using language (metaphors, examples, catchphrases, etc.).

Framing as a Social-Scientific Theory (continued)

  • Takeaways: Reality is complex. Frames transform it into manageable information.
  • Selection (cutting or splicing): Some aspects of reality get left out of frames.

Framing as a Social-Scientific Theory (continued)

  • Frames are necessary for understanding and acting in the world.
  • Meaningful pictures are crucial to organize a reality otherwise too complex.
  • Worldviews are always inherently ideological and perspectival.

Framing-Scientific versus Everyday

  • Scientific framing focuses on selection and inclusion within and outside of the frame, as opposed to the bias and distortion implied in the everyday understanding.

Framing and Infinite Realities

  • Examples explore how the same issue (e.g., ritual slaughter of animals without stunning) can be framed in many different ways. (e.g., religious, economic, ethical, etc.).

Agency and Structure

  • Framing is an active process, and actors make conscious choices when framing a situation.

Framing as Political/Media Strategy

  • Framing can be a deliberate tactic for influencing audiences, as seen in examples like political communications and media coverage (e.g., coverage of specific conflicts).

Reality Limits Framing

  • Framing is limited by the material reality, which means frames (at least in part) can't be entirely arbitrary.
  • Frame take pre-existing cultural, social, and other contexts into account-- affecting meaning.

Meaning Depends on Context

  • The meaning of any frame is contingent on and influenced by its context of production, display, and reception.

Frames Matter

  • Frames have real power in changing how people perceive and react to information and situations (e.g., influencing political agendas, public perception).
  • If messages are framed consistently, people tend to accept one frame as true (e.g. cultivation or spiral of silence).

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