Media Effects and Developmental Approaches
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Questions and Answers

What is a key developmental task in infancy?

  • Mastery of social rules
  • Attachment to caregiver(s) (correct)
  • Building intimate relationships
  • Learning language

Which developmental task is associated with toddlerhood?

  • Establishing moral values
  • Differentiation of self from the world (correct)
  • Consolidating self-concept
  • Developing a coherent personal identity

How does media violence affect toddlers?

  • It encourages them to view violence as a normal solution. (correct)
  • It has a positive impact on their language development.
  • It helps them learn self-control.
  • It has little to no effect as they are not aware of violence.

What is a significant focus during early childhood development?

<p>Learning behavioral self-control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of development is primarily addressed during middle childhood?

<p>Understanding and following social norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do children in adolescence typically develop relationships?

<p>Building intimate and committed friendships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a misconception about media effects on early childhood?

<p>Children may develop self-control through media exposure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage do children start to grasp the importance of academic achievement?

<p>Middle childhood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does multicausal refer to in the context of an action causing an outcome?

<p>Multiple interacting factors determine an outcome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as a proximate cause?

<p>The last action that triggers a sequence of events leading to an outcome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents media violence in relation to aggressive behavior?

<p>It contributes to aggressive behavior but is not a defining cause. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the stereotypical relation between men and women during adolescence?

<p>Men hold power while women are often seen as submissive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the cumulative risk model in child development?

<p>Cumulative risk factors have a greater impact than any single risk factor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument against expecting immediate effects of media violence on violent behavior?

<p>Long-term exposure often leads to delayed effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a protective factor that can enhance resilience in children?

<p>Good self-regulation abilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect size is attributed to media violence as a cause of violent behavior?

<p>Between 1-10%. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically classified as a risk factor in childhood development?

<p>High parental education levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Ferguson, what should we expect if media violence were the direct cause of violent behavior?

<p>A simultaneous decline in media violence and violent crime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of media violence on children, according to the content?

<p>It is a risk factor for aggressive behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by Centerwall’s observation about the murder rate after the introduction of television?

<p>A significant lag (up to 15 years) occurs before effects are observed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which relationship highlights the concept of 'ordinary magic' in resilience?

<p>Dynamic interactions between children and their environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of recognizing that an effect must be 'big' to be important?

<p>Percentage variance in behavior can still be meaningful, even if small. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common immediate effect of exposure to media violence on children?

<p>Desensitization to violence and aggression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assumption about resilient children despite exposure to adversity?

<p>Multiple protective factors interact with their circumstances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a misconception regarding media effects on behavior?

<p>Media effects are simple and direct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is noted as the largest effect of media violence?

<p>Culture of disrespect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might individuals fail to recognize media effects on aggression?

<p>Effects are gradual and subtle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can advertisements affect attitudes and purchasing behavior?

<p>Only through repeated exposure over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common belief about media effects is challenged?

<p>The absence of obvious effects indicates no influence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be considered a typical reaction to violent media?

<p>Emotional, physiological and cognitive reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might lead individuals to discount the influence of media?

<p>Gradual changes in behavior that are unnoticed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do people often misunderstand the link between media and violence?

<p>They see direct effects instead of cumulative effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aggressor effect associated with exposure to violent media?

<p>Individuals may become meaner and more aggressive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is reported to be more affected by the victim effect of violent media?

<p>Females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect describes individuals who become desensitized to violence after increased exposure?

<p>Bystander effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the societal norms impact in relation to violent media?

<p>They impact community and individual norms related to behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the appetite effect suggest about individuals who watch violent media?

<p>They desire to see more violent entertainment over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how does causality relate to media violence?

<p>It has been oversimplified in discussions about media effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a common misconception about media violence effects?

<p>Everyone experiences the same level of effect from violent media. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is indicated as having the closest influence on a child's behavior and attitudes?

<p>Family dynamics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'developmental tasks' in the context of individual adaptation?

<p>Skills or capacities important for concurrent and future adaptation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the developmental task approach indicate that earlier tasks can influence future tasks?

<p>Later tasks depend on the successful negotiation of earlier tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'probabilistic pathways' in development refer to?

<p>Potential future outcomes that change based on earlier adaptations and current circumstances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can influence the severity of impact from media violence on a child?

<p>Current context and developmental stage of the child (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome of prolonged engagement in an adaptive pathway for a child?

<p>Greater resilience to current adverse circumstances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant principle of the developmental tasks approach?

<p>Development is cumulative and builds on previous adaptations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding developmental adaptation important when analyzing the effects of media violence on children?

<p>It recognizes that individuals may respond differently based on their unique developmental paths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of not successfully negotiating earlier developmental tasks?

<p>It may hinder adaptation and lead to maladaptive pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Immediacy of Cause

The idea that one event directly and immediately causes another.

Multicausality

Multiple factors work together to produce a single outcome. No single cause is entirely responsible for a particular outcome.

Catalyst

A factor that significantly contributes to an event, making it more likely to occur.

Proximate Cause

The last action in a chain of events that leads to an injury or harm.

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Effect Size

The effect size of a cause is measured by the amount of variation in an outcome that is explained by the cause.

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Cause is not Sufficient or Necessary

A cause is not necessarily sufficient to produce an effect, and it may not be the sole cause.

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Long-term Effects

Effects of certain causes can emerge over a long period of time, sometimes years after exposure.

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Small Effect, Big Impact

Even a small effect size can be significant when applied to a large population.

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Direct media effects myth

The assumption that media effects are easy to see and understood, often ignoring subtle, long-term impacts.

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Victim Effect

Exposure to violent media can make individuals more likely to view the world as a dangerous place, leading them to adopt self-protective behaviors.

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Bystander Effect

Individuals who regularly consume violent media tend to become less sensitive to violence and may feel less empathy for victims of violence.

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Severe media violence myth

The belief that media violence leads to severe consequences like violent crimes, ignoring the complex factors at play.

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Appetite Effect

Exposure to violent media can lead to a desire to see more violence, creating a cycle of increased consumption.

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Obvious media effects myth

Media effects are often gradual and cumulative, which can be harder to observe or link directly to specific media exposure.

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Aggressor Effect

Exposure to violent media can make individuals more likely to engage in aggressive and violent behavior.

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Simple and direct media effects myth

The idea that media effects on attitudes and behavior are immediate and obvious, ignoring the role of repeated exposure.

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Media violence as direct cause myth

A false assumption that media violence directly leads to violent acts, ignoring the complexity of human behavior.

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Gender Differences in Media Violence Effects

Different individuals may be more susceptible to specific effects of violent media depending on their gender.

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Significant media violence myth

The idea that the effects of media violence are severe and widespread, neglecting the more subtle and pervasive effects.

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Proximal and Distal Sources of Influence

The influence of family, community, and societal norms on one's values and behaviors.

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Attachment in Infancy

The ability to form close emotional bonds with caregivers, especially in the first year of life.

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Regularity in Infancy

Developing consistent sleep and feeding schedules, and establishing regular routines.

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Complex media effects

Media effects can influence emotions, thoughts, and behaviors, often in subtle and cumulative ways.

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Causality

The idea that a cause is both necessary and sufficient for an event to occur.

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Long-term media effects

Media effects are often subtle and can develop over time, making them difficult to identify directly.

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Misconception of Causality and Media Violence

Media violence is often used to demonstrate the misconception of causality, suggesting that if violent media is not a necessary and sufficient precursor to violent behavior, it has no effect.

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Learning in Infancy

The process of moving from automatic reflexes to voluntary actions, including learning through imitation, rewards, and punishment.

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Toddlerhood Exploration

Discovering the world through exploration, experiencing a sense of self-discovery, and becoming independent in basic tasks like feeding and self-care.

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Behavioral Self-Control in Early Childhood

Learning to control behavior, follow rules, and understand social expectations.

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Emotional Self-Control in Early Childhood

Developing emotional regulation skills and understanding emotions, including learning to express emotions in socially acceptable ways.

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Social Learning in Middle Childhood

Understanding and accepting social norms, rules, and expectations, including learning about appropriate behavior in different social settings.

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Identity Formation in Adolescence

Developing a sense of self and identity, exploring personal interests and beliefs, and establishing a sense of direction in life.

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Developmental Task

The ability or skill that is crucial for a person to adapt successfully in the present and future.

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Developmental Tasks Approach

The idea that individuals need to successfully complete specific challenges to adapt and grow throughout their development.

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Hierarchy in Developmental Tasks

The belief that earlier developmental tasks influence later tasks.

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Contingency in Developmental Tasks

The concept that successfully completing earlier developmental tasks makes it more likely for a person to succeed in later developmental tasks.

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Cumulative Nature of Development

The understanding that successful adaptation in the past is a crucial factor in current competence.

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Changeability in Development

The ability to change and adapt in the future based on current experiences and previous development.

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Probabilistic Pathways in Development

The idea that even though past adaptation influences the present, future adaptation is not fixed.

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Dynamic Nature of Adaptation

The understanding that adaptation is influenced by both past experiences and current circumstances.

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Risk and resilience approach to development

Different experiences leading to vulnerability to harmful outcomes (risk factors) or factors that protect against negative effects (protective factors).

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Risk factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of negative outcomes, such as exposure to media violence.

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Protective factors

Factors that shield children from negative effects of risk factors, such as supportive relationships or effective schools.

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Cumulative risk model

The more risk factors a child experiences, the higher the chances of negative outcomes.

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Resilience

The ability of some children to thrive despite facing significant challenges.

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Protective factors for resilience

Factors that contribute to resilience, such as good self-regulation, supportive relationships, and effective schools.

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Media violence as a risk factor

Media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior and other negative outcomes.

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Ordinary magic

Ordinary, everyday strategies children use to adapt to challenging situations; they are not supernatural abilities but normal processes.

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Study Notes

Developmental Approaches to Understanding Media Effects

  • Media effects are often cumulative and subtle, not simple and direct. Exposure to advertising or violent media can influence attitudes and behavior through repeated exposures.
  • Media violence, while potentially having severe effects, primarily cultivates a culture of disrespect. Interpersonal violence stems from deeper issues of disrespect.
  • Media effects are not always obvious or immediate. The subtle and cumulative effects, as opposed to singular or sudden occurrences, can be more pervasive and impactful.
  • Media violence does not impact everyone identically. Different people may react differently, with potential effects including aggression, fear, desensitization, and increased desire for violent content.
  • Females might be more susceptible to the negative perception of the world (victim effect) while males are more susceptible to becoming aggressive or desensitized (aggressor, bystander and appetite effects).
  • Media effects are multifaceted. They stem from the interaction of various factors (e.g., family, community, society).
  • Causality is complex and not always direct or immediate. There needs to be consideration of multiple factors that determine the outcome. Media effects can be one factor or catalyst impacting behavior.
  • Developmental tasks have differing media effects, depending on the child's stage. Infants may be affected by parental exposure, while older children might develop a normalization of violence.

Media Effects and Development

  • Media effects can impact individuals through impacting societal and community norms.
  • Causality is complex and multi-causal. One simple stimulus, such as media violence, is not always a direct cause-and-effect. Media violence's effects may be less significant compared to a multitude of other factors that impact violent behavior.
  • Media effects can have long-term consequences, despite not being immediately obvious.
  • Media effects' magnitude doesn't equate to their significance. Small-impact effects, when considering the multitude of individuals involved, can be substantial.
  • Developmental tasks change how media affects individuals, depending on their current stage of development.

Risk and Resilience

  • A child's experience influences the media's effects. Individuals experience different degrees of influence from media violence, depending on their pre-existing risk and protective factors.
  • Risks from factors like marital discord, poverty, single-parent households, maternal distress, and exposure to violence can interact and compound resulting in greater problems for a child.
  • Resilience can offset the negative effects of risk factors. Factors like strong relationships, self-regulation, and supportive environments work against negative influences.
  • Media violence poses a risk for negative outcomes. Additional risk factors compound the negative influence, but protective factors can counteract the effects.

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Related Documents

L1 Developmental Approaches to Media Effects on Individuals PDF

Description

Explore the complex and subtle influences of media on attitudes and behavior through this quiz. Understand how repeated exposure to various media, especially violence, cultivates cultural attitudes and individual reactions. Examine the differential impacts based on gender and how media effects can be both cumulative and nuanced.

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