29 Questions
What is the primary outcome of cell injury?
Disruption of cell homeostasis or steady state
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of cell injury?
Hormonal imbalance
What is the term for the partial reduction in O2 delivery to a tissue?
Hypoxia
What is the result of a cell's inability to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes?
Cell injury
What is the term for the ability to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting physiological processes?
Homeostasis
Which of the following is a mechanism of cell injury related to the loss of cellular structure?
Defects in membrane permeability
What is the primary source of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) during normal cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
Which of the following molecules is NOT a Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)?
Water (H2O)
What is the result of excess ROS or decreased scavenging capacity?
Oxidative stress
Which of the following is a source of ROS production during inflammation?
Activated WBCs (esp. neutrophils)
What is the product of the reaction between water and ionizing radiation?
Hydroxyl ions (*OH)
Which transition metal can donate or accept free electrons, catalyzing free radical formation?
Copper
What is the result of the fusion of phagocytic vacuoles with lysosomes during phagocytosis?
Destruction of ingested particles by lysosomal enzymes and reactive oxygen species
What is the function of antioxidant vitamins such as Vitamin E and Vitamin A?
To block the initiation of reactive oxygen species
What is the result of the reaction between superoxide and water?
Formation of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide
What is the role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in phagocytosis?
To generate reactive oxygen species
What is the consequence of increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to injurious stimuli?
Cell injury and oxidative stress
What is the function of enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase?
To break down hydrogen peroxide and superoxide
What is the primary mechanism by which free radicals are removed from cells?
Enzymatic systems
What is the effect of lipid peroxidation on cell membranes?
Extensive membrane damage and formation of peroxides
What is the consequence of oxidative modification of proteins?
Damage to active sites and change in conformation
What is the location of monamine oxidase (MOA) that generates oxidative stress?
Outer mitochondrial membrane
What is the result of increased phospholipid breakdown in cells?
Cells stretch and rupture
What is the consequence of mitochondrial membrane damage on ATP levels?
Decreased ATP levels
What is the primary function of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in hepatocytes?
To convert alanine into pyruvate
What happens to the cell when the plasma membrane is damaged?
Influx of fluids and ions, and loss of cell contents and metabolites
What is the consequence of lysosomal membrane injury?
Release of enzymes into the cytoplasm
What is the purpose of measuring Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in a biochem panel?
To diagnose liver injury
What is the result of reperfusion of ischemic tissues?
Increased production of reactive oxygen species
Learn about the major causes of cell injury, including depletion of ATP, mitochondrial damage, and oxidative stress, and understand the outcome of cell injury. Recognize normal cell and homeostasis.
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