Mechanisms of Cell Injury

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What is the primary outcome of cell injury?

Disruption of cell homeostasis or steady state (correct)
Reversible adaptation
Stimulation of cellular growth
Immediate death of the cell

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of cell injury?

Immunological dysfunction
Hormonal imbalance (correct)
Infectious agents
Oxygen deficiency

What is the term for the partial reduction in O2 delivery to a tissue?

Hypoxia (correct)
Anoxia
Oxygenation
Ischemia

What is the result of a cell's inability to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes?

Cell injury (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting physiological processes?

Homeostasis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of cell injury related to the loss of cellular structure?

Defects in membrane permeability (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) during normal cellular respiration?

Mitochondria (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is NOT a Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)?

Water (H2O) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of excess ROS or decreased scavenging capacity?

Oxidative stress (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a source of ROS production during inflammation?

Activated WBCs (esp. neutrophils) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the reaction between water and ionizing radiation?

Hydroxyl ions (*OH) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which transition metal can donate or accept free electrons, catalyzing free radical formation?

Copper (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the fusion of phagocytic vacuoles with lysosomes during phagocytosis?

Destruction of ingested particles by lysosomal enzymes and reactive oxygen species (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of antioxidant vitamins such as Vitamin E and Vitamin A?

To block the initiation of reactive oxygen species (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the reaction between superoxide and water?

Formation of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in phagocytosis?

To generate reactive oxygen species (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to injurious stimuli?

Cell injury and oxidative stress (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase?

To break down hydrogen peroxide and superoxide (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which free radicals are removed from cells?

Enzymatic systems (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of lipid peroxidation on cell membranes?

Extensive membrane damage and formation of peroxides (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of oxidative modification of proteins?

Damage to active sites and change in conformation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of monamine oxidase (MOA) that generates oxidative stress?

Outer mitochondrial membrane (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increased phospholipid breakdown in cells?

Cells stretch and rupture (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of mitochondrial membrane damage on ATP levels?

Decreased ATP levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in hepatocytes?

To convert alanine into pyruvate (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cell when the plasma membrane is damaged?

Influx of fluids and ions, and loss of cell contents and metabolites (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of lysosomal membrane injury?

Release of enzymes into the cytoplasm (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in a biochem panel?

To diagnose liver injury (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of reperfusion of ischemic tissues?

Increased production of reactive oxygen species (A) Signup and view all the answers