Mechanisms of Cell Injury
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of cell injury?

  • Disruption of cell homeostasis or steady state (correct)
  • Reversible adaptation
  • Stimulation of cellular growth
  • Immediate death of the cell
  • Which of the following is NOT a common cause of cell injury?

  • Immunological dysfunction
  • Hormonal imbalance (correct)
  • Infectious agents
  • Oxygen deficiency
  • What is the term for the partial reduction in O2 delivery to a tissue?

  • Hypoxia (correct)
  • Anoxia
  • Oxygenation
  • Ischemia
  • What is the result of a cell's inability to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes?

    <p>Cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting physiological processes?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of cell injury related to the loss of cellular structure?

    <p>Defects in membrane permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) during normal cellular respiration?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is NOT a Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)?

    <p>Water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of excess ROS or decreased scavenging capacity?

    <p>Oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a source of ROS production during inflammation?

    <p>Activated WBCs (esp. neutrophils)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction between water and ionizing radiation?

    <p>Hydroxyl ions (*OH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transition metal can donate or accept free electrons, catalyzing free radical formation?

    <p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the fusion of phagocytic vacuoles with lysosomes during phagocytosis?

    <p>Destruction of ingested particles by lysosomal enzymes and reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antioxidant vitamins such as Vitamin E and Vitamin A?

    <p>To block the initiation of reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction between superoxide and water?

    <p>Formation of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in phagocytosis?

    <p>To generate reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to injurious stimuli?

    <p>Cell injury and oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase?

    <p>To break down hydrogen peroxide and superoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which free radicals are removed from cells?

    <p>Enzymatic systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lipid peroxidation on cell membranes?

    <p>Extensive membrane damage and formation of peroxides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of oxidative modification of proteins?

    <p>Damage to active sites and change in conformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of monamine oxidase (MOA) that generates oxidative stress?

    <p>Outer mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased phospholipid breakdown in cells?

    <p>Cells stretch and rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of mitochondrial membrane damage on ATP levels?

    <p>Decreased ATP levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in hepatocytes?

    <p>To convert alanine into pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cell when the plasma membrane is damaged?

    <p>Influx of fluids and ions, and loss of cell contents and metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of lysosomal membrane injury?

    <p>Release of enzymes into the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in a biochem panel?

    <p>To diagnose liver injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of reperfusion of ischemic tissues?

    <p>Increased production of reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

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