Hypoxic Cell Injury

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What is the primary consequence of Na+/K+/ATPase dysfunction in hypoxic cell injury?

Sodium ion buildup and water influx (correct)

Cellular dehydration

Accumulation of reactive oxygen species

Increased protein synthesis

Which cells are more likely to recover from hypoxic cell injury due to their lower oxygen requirements?

Cells with lower metabolic rates (correct)

Renal cells

Cardiac cells

Neuronal cells

What is the primary function of superoxide dismutase in maintaining cellular health?

Catalyzing breakdown of ROS

Converting H2O2 to water

Converting superoxide into H2O2 (correct)

Scavenging free radicals

What is the result of unpaired electrons in free radicals interacting with organelles?

Peroxidation of membrane lipids and protein degradation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of oxidative stress?

Increased ATP production (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glutathione peroxidases in maintaining cellular health?

Catalyzing breakdown of H2O2 to water (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of catalase in the cell?

To catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 into water and O2 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of an increase in calcium inside the cell?

Activation of phospholipases, endonucleases, and ATPases (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum?

To prevent protein misfolding (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the unfolded protein response if the cell still can't keep up with the number of misfolded proteins?

Triggering of apoptosis by activating proapoptotic sensors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of protein p53 in response to DNA damage?

To stop the cell cycle to allow for DNA damage repair (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of ER or SR damage?

Activation of phospholipases, homeostasis endonucleases, ATPases (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cells adapt to decreased functional demand?

Decrease in cell size (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the number of structural organelles and proteins in a cell?

Hypertrophy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why skeletal muscle cells can only undergo hypertrophy?

They are unable to divide (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cellular adaptation is characterized by a change in cell type in response to chronic irritation?

Metaplasia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why cardiac muscle cells can only undergo hypertrophy?

They are unable to divide (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the uterus enlarges during pregnancy?

Hypertrophy (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of gas gangrene?

H2S bubbles are produced. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomes in autophagy?

To digest cellular contents within the autophagolysosome. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of telomerase in cellular aging?

To lengthen telomeres. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of chronic inflammation on cellular aging?

It speeds up cellular aging. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of replicative senescence?

Cells have a reduced capacity to divide. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a mechanism that slows down cellular aging?

Calorie restriction and exercise. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cells generate energy in the absence of oxygen?

Anaerobic metabolism (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria?

To cause inflammation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a bad immune reaction?

Allergic reaction to pollen (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of lactic acid buildup in cells under anoxic conditions?

pH imbalance (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which viruses cause cell damage?

Utilization of host cellular machinery (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a physical agent that can cause cell injury?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers