Cell Injury and Restoration
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Questions and Answers

Programmed cell death occurs only when cells are damaged.

False

Apoptosis is a type of cell death that results in inflammation.

False

Cells that undergo apoptosis are replaced by mature cells during development.

True

Apoptosis only occurs in cells that are damaged beyond repair.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptosis is a natural response to the presence of foreign agents in the body.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptosis can occur in cells of the immune system.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Liquefactive necrosis is a type of programmed cell death.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptosis is an essential process for maintaining tissue homeostasis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Caseous necrosis is characterized by the presence of yellow-black debris.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA damage activates proapoptotic proteins.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viral proteins can directly activate caspases.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes can kill infected cells by activating caspases.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphocytes play a role in caseous necrosis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondrial pathways are involved in apoptosis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proapoptotic proteins can inhibit apoptosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aspartic acid residues are involved in caseous necrosis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coagulative necrosis is characterized by the loss of nuclei and preservation of cell outlines.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptosis is a type of necrosis that occurs in response to tissue damage.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In apoptotic cells, the nucleus and cytoplasm are destroyed by enzymes activated by specific signals.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptosis serves to eliminate damaged cells and maintain tissue homeostasis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coagulative necrosis is a type of apoptosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytes play a role in the clearance of apoptotic cells.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptosis occurs only in response to genetic mutations.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coagulative necrosis is commonly seen in kidney infarcts.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fragments resulting from cell death are engulfed by neighboring cells.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Severe DNA damage always leads to apoptosis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Accumulation of misfolded proteins gives rise to ER stress.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptotic bodies are engulfed by immune cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Certain viruses can trigger apoptosis in infected cells.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptosis always results in inflammation.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

BAX and BAK are pro-apoptotic molecules.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptosis is a passive process that occurs in response to cellular damage.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Necrosis is a physiologic process that eliminates unwanted cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptosis is characterized by a disrupted plasma membrane.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell size is reduced in necrosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In apoptosis, the nucleus undergoes pyknosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Necrosis and apoptosis are both regulated by molecular pathways.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptotic cells are always inflammatory.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In apoptosis, cellular contents are released into apoptotic bodies.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Necrosis is a means of eliminating unwanted cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The plasma membrane is intact in necrotic cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apoptosis is a rapid process that occurs within minutes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Injury and Cell Death

  • Cell injury can lead to two types of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis
  • Necrosis:
    • Cell size: enlarged (swelling)
    • Nucleus: pyknosis → karyorrhexis → karyolysis
    • Plasma membrane: disrupted
    • Cellular contents: enzymatic digestion; may leak out of cell
    • Adjacent inflammation: frequent
    • Physiologic or pathologic role: invariably pathologic (culmination of irreversible cell injury)
  • Apoptosis:
    • Cell size: reduced (shrinkage)
    • Nucleus: fragmentation into nucleosome-sized fragments
    • Plasma membrane: intact; altered structure, especially orientation of lipids
    • Cellular contents: intact; may be released in apoptotic bodies
    • Adjacent inflammation: no
    • Physiologic or pathologic role: often physiologic means of eliminating unwanted cells; may be pathologic after some forms of cell injury

Features of Necrosis and Apoptosis

  • Table 1.1: comparison of necrosis and apoptosis features

Pathways of Cell Death

  • Apoptosis:
    • Physiologic apoptosis:
      • Occurs during development of organisms
      • Eliminates unwanted or damaged cells
    • Pathologic apoptosis:
      • Occurs in response to cell damage, especially DNA damage
      • Can be triggered by various stimuli, including infections and certain chemicals
  • Necrosis:
    • Occurs in response to severe cell injury, especially DNA damage
    • Can be triggered by various stimuli, including infections and certain chemicals

Types of Apoptosis

  • Physiologic apoptosis:
    • Developmental apoptosis: occurs during development of organisms
    • Immune response apoptosis: occurs in response to infections and other immune stimuli
    • Tissue homeostasis apoptosis: occurs to maintain tissue balance and eliminate unwanted cells
  • Pathologic apoptosis:
    • DNA damage apoptosis: occurs in response to DNA damage
    • Infection apoptosis: occurs in response to infections
    • Chemical apoptosis: occurs in response to certain chemicals

Morphology of Cell Death

  • Necrosis:
    • Coagulative necrosis: characterized by preservation of cell outlines, with loss of nuclei and inflammatory infiltrate
    • Liquefactive necrosis: characterized by dissolution of tissue
    • Caseous necrosis: characterized by formation of cheesy debris
  • Apoptosis:
    • Morphologic changes: cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation
    • Formation of apoptotic bodies: intact cellular contents are released in apoptotic bodies, which are then phagocytosed by other cells

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Description

This quiz covers the concepts of cell injury, mitochondria function, and restoration processes. It tests your understanding of cellular responses to damage and regulation mechanisms.

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