16 Questions
What is the process of programmed cell death characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation?
Apoptosis
What is the term for unprogrammed cell death resulting from injury or disease?
Necrosis
What is the cellular process that involves the formation of autophagosomes to recycle damaged or dysfunctional organelles and proteins?
Autophagy
What is the consequence of necrosis?
Inflammation and tissue damage
What is the benefit of apoptosis?
Eliminates damaged cells, preventing cancer
What is the benefit of autophagy?
Maintains cellular homeostasis
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
To produce ATP through aerobic cellular respiration
Which organelle is responsible for removing waste products from the cell?
Lysosomes
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
To control the movement of substances into and out of the cell
What is the term for the basic building blocks of life that group together to form tissues?
Cells
What is the result of the process of cellular respiration in the mitochondria?
The production of ATP
What is the primary function of ATP in the cell?
To power cellular processes such as active transport, chemical work, and mechanical work
What is the result of glycolysis in the process of aerobic respiration?
The breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules and the yield of 2 ATP molecules
What is the main difference between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?
ICF is found inside the cell, while ECF is found outside the cell
What is the role of ATP in maintaining ion concentration gradients across the cell membrane?
To move ions against their concentration gradient
What is the characteristic of the concentration gradient of sodium ions across the cell membrane?
The concentration of sodium ions is higher in the ECF
Study Notes
Cell Adaptation and Injury
Apoptosis
- Programmed cell death, a natural process to eliminate damaged or unwanted cells
- Also known as "cell suicide"
- Characterized by:
- Cell shrinkage
- Chromatin condensation
- DNA fragmentation
- Formation of apoptotic bodies
- Induced by:
- DNA damage
- Oxidative stress
- Hormonal changes
- Infections
- Benefits:
- Eliminates damaged cells, preventing cancer
- Helps regulate tissue development and homeostasis
- Removes infected cells, preventing disease spread
Necrosis
- Unprogrammed cell death, resulting from injury or disease
- Characterized by:
- Cell swelling
- Plasma membrane rupture
- Release of cellular contents
- Inflammation
- Caused by:
- Ischemia (lack of blood flow)
- Toxins
- Infections
- Trauma
- Consequences:
- Inflammation and tissue damage
- Can lead to disease and organ dysfunction
Autophagy
- Cellular process for recycling damaged or dysfunctional organelles and proteins
- Involves:
- Formation of autophagosomes (membrane-bound structures)
- Fusion with lysosomes
- Degradation of contents
- Induced by:
- Starvation
- Oxidative stress
- Infections
- Cancer
- Benefits:
- Maintains cellular homeostasis
- Helps remove damaged or infected cells
- Promotes cell survival during stress
Note: These notes focus on the key concepts and differences between apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. For a more detailed understanding, additional resources may be necessary.
Cell Adaptation and Injury
Apoptosis
- Programmed cell death, a natural process to eliminate damaged or unwanted cells, also known as "cell suicide"
- Characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and formation of apoptotic bodies
- Induced by DNA damage, oxidative stress, hormonal changes, and infections
- Benefits: eliminates damaged cells, preventing cancer; helps regulate tissue development and homeostasis; removes infected cells, preventing disease spread
Necrosis
- Unprogrammed cell death, resulting from injury or disease
- Characterized by cell swelling, plasma membrane rupture, release of cellular contents, and inflammation
- Caused by ischemia, toxins, infections, and trauma
- Consequences: inflammation and tissue damage; can lead to disease and organ dysfunction
Autophagy
- Cellular process for recycling damaged or dysfunctional organelles and proteins
- Involves formation of autophagosomes, fusion with lysosomes, and degradation of contents
- Induced by starvation, oxidative stress, infections, and cancer
- Benefits: maintains cellular homeostasis; helps remove damaged or infected cells; promotes cell survival during stress
Learn about apoptosis, a natural process of programmed cell death, its characteristics, benefits and inducing factors. Understand its role in eliminating damaged cells, preventing cancer and regulating tissue development.
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