Mechanical Properties of Steel and Manufacturing

The ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation without breaking. It's measured by how much the material stretches before it fractures. Higher ductility means more stretch.

The stress at which a material begins to permanently deform. It's a measure of how much force a material can withstand before it starts to change shape permanently.

A type of test that measures the strength of a material by subjecting it to a pulling force. It provides information about yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility.

A test that measures the ability of a material to resist a shearing force, which is a force that tries to slide one part of the material past another.

A test that assesses the toughness of a material by measuring its resistance to impact forces. It helps determine how well a material can handle sudden shocks.

A test that measures the resistance of a material to indentation. It provides an indirect measure of the material's hardness and strength.

A test that evaluates the ability of a material to withstand compression (pushing force) before it breaks. It's commonly used for materials like concrete and bricks.

A test that measures the ability of a material to bend under a load. It helps determine a material's flexibility and how well it can withstand bending forces.

Steel blooms are the starting material used in the forging process for axles. They should be made with specific properties for the desired application.

Forging hammers are crucial for shaping and forming steel axles into their required shapes. They must meet specific standards for durability and performance.

The ability of a material to deform permanently under compressive load without cracking.

The maximum stress a material can withstand before it starts to deform permanently.

The stress at which a material fractures or breaks.

The ability of a material to absorb energy before fracture, taking into account both elastic and plastic deformation.

The ability of a metal to exist in different crystal structures depending on temperature.

The body-centered cubic (BCC) structure of iron that exists at room temperature.

The face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of iron that exists between 912°C and 1394°C.

The body-centered cubic (BCC) structure of iron that exists between 1394°C and 1538°C.

A graphical representation of the stable phases of iron and carbon at different temperatures and compositions.

A material's ability to return to its original shape after being deformed.

An interstitial solid solution with carbon dissolved in FCC iron. It has a maximum carbon solubility of 2.1% at 1148°C, but it is not stable below 727°C. Austenite has an FCC structure and is non-magnetic.

A chemical compound with the formula Fe3C. It is the hardest phase in the Fe-C system and always contains 6.67% carbon by weight. It has an orthorhombic crystal structure.

A lamellar structure formed when austenite with 0.83% carbon is cooled slowly below 727°C. It consists of alternating layers of α-ferrite and cementite.

The eutectic mixture of austenite (lighter phase) and cementite (darker phase) that forms at 1148°C and 4.33% carbon.

The maximum carbon concentration that can be dissolved in molten iron before it becomes saturated.

The phenomenon where austenite transforms into pearlite when cooled slowly below 727°C.

The process of very slow cooling of alloys to achieve equilibrium phases, resulting in a stable and predictable microstructure.

A diagram showing the equilibrium phases present in the iron-carbon system at different temperatures and carbon concentrations.