Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of a two-tailed t-test?
What is the primary purpose of a two-tailed t-test?
- To determine if the means are exactly equal
- To assume the difference could go in one direction only
- To test only for positive differences
- To assume the difference could go in either direction (correct)
What does effect size indicate in a statistical analysis?
What does effect size indicate in a statistical analysis?
- The sample size needed for a study
- The exact score differences between groups
- The statistical significance of the results
- The magnitude of the effect or difference (correct)
Which of the following correctly defines statistical power?
Which of the following correctly defines statistical power?
- The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis (correct)
- The measure of the strength of linear relationships
- The confidence interval width for a mean difference
- The likelihood of finding a non-significant result
Which of the following is a key component of calculating effect size?
Which of the following is a key component of calculating effect size?
When should a one-tailed t-test be used?
When should a one-tailed t-test be used?
What is the primary purpose of measuring performance in exercise programs?
What is the primary purpose of measuring performance in exercise programs?
Which type of validity is considered the 'Gold Standard' for assessing test scores?
Which type of validity is considered the 'Gold Standard' for assessing test scores?
How does concurrent validity differ from predictive validity?
How does concurrent validity differ from predictive validity?
What type of validity involves relating a new test to a criterion instrument for immediate comparison?
What type of validity involves relating a new test to a criterion instrument for immediate comparison?
Which of the following types of validity assesses how well a test measures the construct it is intended to measure?
Which of the following types of validity assesses how well a test measures the construct it is intended to measure?
What is the main function of fitness assessments in exercise programs?
What is the main function of fitness assessments in exercise programs?
What is required to accurately predict criterion scores in exercise assessments?
What is required to accurately predict criterion scores in exercise assessments?
Which of the following is NOT a type of validity mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of validity mentioned?
What does construct validity measure in the context of tests?
What does construct validity measure in the context of tests?
Which of the following statements about reliability is true?
Which of the following statements about reliability is true?
What are the three components of reliability as identified in the content?
What are the three components of reliability as identified in the content?
What can prevent achieving reliable test results in athletic performance?
What can prevent achieving reliable test results in athletic performance?
Which organization has established international standards for anthropometric assessment?
Which organization has established international standards for anthropometric assessment?
In a measurement context, what part of the observed score does the true score represent?
In a measurement context, what part of the observed score does the true score represent?
What is a characteristic of a test that is valid but not reliable?
What is a characteristic of a test that is valid but not reliable?
Which of these factors must be standardized to reduce variation in athletic performance testing?
Which of these factors must be standardized to reduce variation in athletic performance testing?
What is a major source of error in the reliability of assessments using quality equipment?
What is a major source of error in the reliability of assessments using quality equipment?
Which of the following equipment can be examined for reliability in measuring physiological function?
Which of the following equipment can be examined for reliability in measuring physiological function?
Which statistical test is commonly used to assess the validity of an assessment?
Which statistical test is commonly used to assess the validity of an assessment?
What method is NOT typically used for assessing test reliability?
What method is NOT typically used for assessing test reliability?
What is the purpose of using criterion in a validity study?
What is the purpose of using criterion in a validity study?
What statistical method would best determine the difference in means between paired scores in a validity study?
What statistical method would best determine the difference in means between paired scores in a validity study?
When using the EXSURGO Technologies® G-flight, how many jumps should each participant perform during the study?
When using the EXSURGO Technologies® G-flight, how many jumps should each participant perform during the study?
Which of the following is a limitation of using portable jump assessment technologies?
Which of the following is a limitation of using portable jump assessment technologies?
What does an Effect Size (ES) quantify?
What does an Effect Size (ES) quantify?
Which of the following ES values indicates a large effect size?
Which of the following ES values indicates a large effect size?
What is the primary purpose of a Bland and Altman (BA) plot?
What is the primary purpose of a Bland and Altman (BA) plot?
In a Bland and Altman analysis, which of the following conditions indicates ideal results?
In a Bland and Altman analysis, which of the following conditions indicates ideal results?
Which statistical method is commonly used to assess the reliability of measurements?
Which statistical method is commonly used to assess the reliability of measurements?
What is the acceptable range for the differences to fall within in a Bland and Altman plot?
What is the acceptable range for the differences to fall within in a Bland and Altman plot?
What would be considered a trivial effect size?
What would be considered a trivial effect size?
What does a moderate Effect Size range from?
What does a moderate Effect Size range from?
What is the primary purpose of conducting two correlation tests in the test-retest method?
What is the primary purpose of conducting two correlation tests in the test-retest method?
Which statistical measure is specifically mentioned as being part of the test-retest method?
Which statistical measure is specifically mentioned as being part of the test-retest method?
In a test-retest method, what relationship do the scores from Test #1 and Test #2 have?
In a test-retest method, what relationship do the scores from Test #1 and Test #2 have?
Which statistical aspect is NOT typically a focus in correlation tests for the test-retest method?
Which statistical aspect is NOT typically a focus in correlation tests for the test-retest method?
What correlation did the Force Plate and G-Flight show according to the example provided?
What correlation did the Force Plate and G-Flight show according to the example provided?
Which pair of measurements were primarily compared in the test-retest analysis?
Which pair of measurements were primarily compared in the test-retest analysis?
What does an average score difference of -2.0 indicate in the test-retest analysis?
What does an average score difference of -2.0 indicate in the test-retest analysis?
Which standard deviation (SD) value shows less variability between the two tests provided in the example?
Which standard deviation (SD) value shows less variability between the two tests provided in the example?
Flashcards
Two-tailed t-test
Two-tailed t-test
A statistical test that assumes the difference between two means could be either positive or negative.
One-tailed t-test
One-tailed t-test
A statistical test that assumes the difference between two means will only go in one specific direction (either positive or negative).
Effect Size (ES)
Effect Size (ES)
A standardized measure that indicates the magnitude of the difference between two means, calculated by dividing the difference by the pooled standard deviation.
Meaningfulness
Meaningfulness
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p-value < 0.05
p-value < 0.05
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Construct Validity
Construct Validity
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Reliability
Reliability
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Observed Score
Observed Score
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True Score
True Score
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Error Score
Error Score
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Noise in Performance
Noise in Performance
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Standardized Testing Environment
Standardized Testing Environment
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ISAK (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry)
ISAK (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry)
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Trivial Effect Size
Trivial Effect Size
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Small Effect Size
Small Effect Size
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Moderate Effect Size
Moderate Effect Size
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Large Effect Size
Large Effect Size
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Bland-Altman Plot
Bland-Altman Plot
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Limits of Agreement (Bland-Altman)
Limits of Agreement (Bland-Altman)
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Test-Retest Reliability
Test-Retest Reliability
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Validity in Measurement
Validity in Measurement
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Criterion Validity
Criterion Validity
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Concurrent Validity
Concurrent Validity
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Predictive Validity
Predictive Validity
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Why Measure?
Why Measure?
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Accuracy in Measurement
Accuracy in Measurement
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Logical (Face) Validity
Logical (Face) Validity
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Content Validity
Content Validity
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Reliability in Assessment
Reliability in Assessment
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Factors Affecting Reliability
Factors Affecting Reliability
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Types of Reliability Tests
Types of Reliability Tests
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t-Test
t-Test
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ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
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Effect Size (Cohen's d)
Effect Size (Cohen's d)
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Bland-Altman Analysis
Bland-Altman Analysis
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Test-Retest Reliability (Correlation = R2)
Test-Retest Reliability (Correlation = R2)
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Bivariate Correlation
Bivariate Correlation
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Force Plate
Force Plate
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G-Flight Vertical Jump
G-Flight Vertical Jump
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Correlation Coefficient
Correlation Coefficient
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Positive Correlation
Positive Correlation
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Negative Correlation
Negative Correlation
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No Correlation
No Correlation
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Study Notes
Measuring Research Variables
- Chapter 11 covers measuring research variables.
- Learning objectives include defining validity and reliability, examining exercise equipment and fitness assessment reliability, and analyzing raw data for reliability.
- The speaker emphasizes measuring, rather than assuming. Dr. Benno Nigg from the University of Calgary stresses this point.
- Effective exercise programs are based on scientific evidence and quantitative assessments.
- Winning and losing a competition often hinges on small, measurable differences.
Validity
- Validity refers to the degree to which a test or instrument measures what it's intended to measure.
- Types of validity:
- Criterion validity (Gold Standard):
- Concurrent validity: Correlating a new instrument with an established criterion instrument. (e.g., ECG vs. Polar H10 monitor, or for specific activities)
- Predictive validity: The ability of a predictor variable to accurately forecast criterion scores. (e.g., Hydrostatic Weighing (old standard) vs. DEXA (new standard, related to body composition)
- Logical (Face) validity: The degree to which a measure appears to measure what it's intended to measure. (e.g., running speed using photo timing gates, vertical jump using force plates)
- Content validity: The degree to which a test samples the entire range of material. Is the measurement representative of all aspects of the construct. (e.g., determining sleep quality by including aspects like snoring, difficulty falling asleep, etc.)
- Construct validity: The degree to which a test measures a hypothetical construct. (e.g., Sleep quality is a hypothetical construct)
- Criterion validity (Gold Standard):
Reliability
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Reliability refers to consistency or repeatability of a measure.
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Test scores can be reliable without being valid. (Validity and reliability are separate concepts).
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Components of reliability:
- Observed score: The score obtained, comprising true score and error score.
- True score: The part of the observed score that represents the person's real score, excluding errors in measurement.
- Error score: The part of the observed score that is attributed to measurement error.
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Professional certification (e.g., International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK)) is important in ensuring standards for these measurements.
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Applied perspectives on reliability highlight that the quality of the equipment might be less of an issue than testing environment or external factors like athlete fatigue.
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Practical examples include proper testing equipment, like Brower speed gates that are accurate.
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Applied research questions include examining the reliability of equipment that measures physiological functioning and the reliability/validity of the EXSURGO Technologies® G-flight for measuring vertical jumps.
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Statistical analyses for validity and reliability include: t-test and ANOVA, Cohen's d (effect size), Bland-Altman analysis, test-retest method (correlation), and standard error of measurement (SEM). The presentation notes specific examples of these tests.
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Techniques for analysing validity and reliability: Bland-Altman and test-re-test analyses in particular to assess the validity and reliability of the device used to test vertical jumps.
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Further, the significance of a practical impact of an effect (meaningfulness), can be quantified using effect sizes as well as examples of how the SEM are calculated and how they show the magnitude of the difference between the tests involved.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Chapter 11, which covers measuring research variables, including definitions of validity and reliability. Dr. Benno Nigg emphasizes the importance of measuring for effective exercise programs based on scientific evidence. Dive into the concepts of criterion validity and different types of reliability in fitness assessments.
