Measuring Research Variables - Chapter 11
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What is the primary purpose of a two-tailed t-test?

  • To determine if the means are exactly equal
  • To assume the difference could go in one direction only
  • To test only for positive differences
  • To assume the difference could go in either direction (correct)

    • What does effect size indicate in a statistical analysis?

  • The sample size needed for a study
  • The exact score differences between groups
  • The statistical significance of the results
  • The magnitude of the effect or difference (correct)

    • Which of the following correctly defines statistical power?

  • The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis (correct)
  • The measure of the strength of linear relationships
  • The confidence interval width for a mean difference
  • The likelihood of finding a non-significant result

    • Which of the following is a key component of calculating effect size?

    <p>The difference between means and the pooled standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a one-tailed t-test be used?

    <p>When the direction of the difference is known in advance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of measuring performance in exercise programs?

    <p>To base development on quantitative assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity is considered the 'Gold Standard' for assessing test scores?

    <p>Criterion Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does concurrent validity differ from predictive validity?

    <p>Predictive validity assesses scores against established criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of validity involves relating a new test to a criterion instrument for immediate comparison?

    <p>Concurrent Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of validity assesses how well a test measures the construct it is intended to measure?

    <p>Construct Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of fitness assessments in exercise programs?

    <p>To provide scientific evidence for development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to accurately predict criterion scores in exercise assessments?

    <p>Strong correlation with predictor variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of validity mentioned?

    <p>Empirical Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does construct validity measure in the context of tests?

    <p>The degree to which scores relate to a hypothetical construct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about reliability is true?

    <p>Reliability refers to the consistency of test scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of reliability as identified in the content?

    <p>Observed score, true score, error score.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prevent achieving reliable test results in athletic performance?

    <p>Environmental variations, or noise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization has established international standards for anthropometric assessment?

    <p>International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a measurement context, what part of the observed score does the true score represent?

    <p>The actual attribute being measured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a test that is valid but not reliable?

    <p>It yields variable results across different testing instances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors must be standardized to reduce variation in athletic performance testing?

    <p>Surface, temperature, and fatigue level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major source of error in the reliability of assessments using quality equipment?

    <p>Human error during operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equipment can be examined for reliability in measuring physiological function?

    <p>Heart Rate Monitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical test is commonly used to assess the validity of an assessment?

    <p>ANOVA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is NOT typically used for assessing test reliability?

    <p>Cohen’s d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using criterion in a validity study?

    <p>To establish a baseline for comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical method would best determine the difference in means between paired scores in a validity study?

    <p>Paired t-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using the EXSURGO Technologies® G-flight, how many jumps should each participant perform during the study?

    <p>3 jumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a limitation of using portable jump assessment technologies?

    <p>They may lack validity and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an Effect Size (ES) quantify?

    <p>The difference between groups using standard deviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ES values indicates a large effect size?

    <blockquote> <p>0.80</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Bland and Altman (BA) plot?

    <p>To describe agreement between two quantitative measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Bland and Altman analysis, which of the following conditions indicates ideal results?

    <p>The same results between G-flight and force plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical method is commonly used to assess the reliability of measurements?

    <p>Pearson product moment coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acceptable range for the differences to fall within in a Bland and Altman plot?

    <p>2SD of the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be considered a trivial effect size?

    <p>0.15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a moderate Effect Size range from?

    <p>0.50 to 0.79</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of conducting two correlation tests in the test-retest method?

    <p>To determine the consistency between scores of each test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical measure is specifically mentioned as being part of the test-retest method?

    <p>Bivariate statistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a test-retest method, what relationship do the scores from Test #1 and Test #2 have?

    <p>They should have a degree of consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical aspect is NOT typically a focus in correlation tests for the test-retest method?

    <p>Frequency of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What correlation did the Force Plate and G-Flight show according to the example provided?

    <p>Negative correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of measurements were primarily compared in the test-retest analysis?

    <p>Force Plate and G-Flight scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an average score difference of -2.0 indicate in the test-retest analysis?

    <p>Scores are lower in Test #1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which standard deviation (SD) value shows less variability between the two tests provided in the example?

    <p>SD of Force Plate in Test #2 (11.7)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Measuring Research Variables

    • Chapter 11 covers measuring research variables.
    • Learning objectives include defining validity and reliability, examining exercise equipment and fitness assessment reliability, and analyzing raw data for reliability.
    • The speaker emphasizes measuring, rather than assuming. Dr. Benno Nigg from the University of Calgary stresses this point.
    • Effective exercise programs are based on scientific evidence and quantitative assessments.
    • Winning and losing a competition often hinges on small, measurable differences.

    Validity

    • Validity refers to the degree to which a test or instrument measures what it's intended to measure.
    • Types of validity:
      • Criterion validity (Gold Standard):
        • Concurrent validity: Correlating a new instrument with an established criterion instrument. (e.g., ECG vs. Polar H10 monitor, or for specific activities)
        • Predictive validity: The ability of a predictor variable to accurately forecast criterion scores. (e.g., Hydrostatic Weighing (old standard) vs. DEXA (new standard, related to body composition)
      • Logical (Face) validity: The degree to which a measure appears to measure what it's intended to measure. (e.g., running speed using photo timing gates, vertical jump using force plates)
      • Content validity: The degree to which a test samples the entire range of material. Is the measurement representative of all aspects of the construct. (e.g., determining sleep quality by including aspects like snoring, difficulty falling asleep, etc.)
      • Construct validity: The degree to which a test measures a hypothetical construct. (e.g., Sleep quality is a hypothetical construct)

    Reliability

    • Reliability refers to consistency or repeatability of a measure.

    • Test scores can be reliable without being valid. (Validity and reliability are separate concepts).

    • Components of reliability:

      • Observed score: The score obtained, comprising true score and error score.
      • True score: The part of the observed score that represents the person's real score, excluding errors in measurement.
      • Error score: The part of the observed score that is attributed to measurement error.

    • Professional certification (e.g., International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK)) is important in ensuring standards for these measurements.

    • Applied perspectives on reliability highlight that the quality of the equipment might be less of an issue than testing environment or external factors like athlete fatigue.

    • Practical examples include proper testing equipment, like Brower speed gates that are accurate.

    • Applied research questions include examining the reliability of equipment that measures physiological functioning and the reliability/validity of the EXSURGO Technologies® G-flight for measuring vertical jumps.

    • Statistical analyses for validity and reliability include: t-test and ANOVA, Cohen's d (effect size), Bland-Altman analysis, test-retest method (correlation), and standard error of measurement (SEM). The presentation notes specific examples of these tests.

    • Techniques for analysing validity and reliability: Bland-Altman and test-re-test analyses in particular to assess the validity and reliability of the device used to test vertical jumps.

    • Further, the significance of a practical impact of an effect (meaningfulness), can be quantified using effect sizes as well as examples of how the SEM are calculated and how they show the magnitude of the difference between the tests involved.

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    Lecture#6 - Measurement in Kinesiology PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on Chapter 11, which covers measuring research variables, including definitions of validity and reliability. Dr. Benno Nigg emphasizes the importance of measuring for effective exercise programs based on scientific evidence. Dive into the concepts of criterion validity and different types of reliability in fitness assessments.

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