Measles Vaccination and Multiple Sclerosis Risk

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What can induce an autoimmune disease in animals of some sensitive lines?

Injecting them with a certain autoantigen (correct)

Removing certain epitopes from their system

Exposing them to foreign antigens

Injecting them with a pathogenic virus

What can happen when tissues are damaged due to a viral infection affecting a certain organ?

Reduction in the activation of lymphocytes

Release of tissuespecific own antigens not normally present in significant quantities (correct)

Decrease in the immune response

Increase in the immunogen's epitopes

What may be a consequence of an autoimmune response spreading from the epitopes of a virus to the epitopes of its own tissue?

Prevention of further autoimmune damage

Decrease in the likelihood of chronic autoimmune destructive process

Weakening of both the antiviral and autoimmune responses

Transition of the antiviral immune response to an autoimmune response (correct)

What is a key factor in the development of a chronic autoimmune destructive process according to the text?

Epitopic spread induced by a viral infection Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario describes the epitopic spread concept mentioned in the text?

Immune response targeting virus antigens transitioning to targeting own tissue antigens Signup and view all the answers

What could cause the activation of lymphocytes specific to other epitopes of a protein or tissue?

Tissuespecific own antigens released upon tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity reaction develops when immune complexes of autoantibodies with various nuclear antigens are deposited on the walls of small vessels?

Type III hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of excessive complement activation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

Increased C3a and C5a levels Signup and view all the answers

What effect does C5a have on neutrophils in the context of SLE?

Increases neutrophil expression of CR3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the aggregation of neutrophils on the walls of small blood vessels in SLE?

Stimulation of vasculitis Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to the occurrence of neutropenia in SLE?

Attachment of neutrophils to capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of glomerulonephritis in SLE?

Formation of immune complex deposits on glomerular basement membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Lyme disease?

A bacterium Signup and view all the answers

Which components of Borrelia bacteria are most commonly associated with the induction of an autoimmune response in Lyme disease?

Polypeptides of flagella and lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is responsible for the breakdown of tolerance to its own antigens in Lyme disease?

Molecular mimicry Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis explains the initiation of autoimmune disease in Lyme disease?

Hypothesis of molecular mimicry Signup and view all the answers

Which immune components are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis in Lyme disease?

Autoreactive T lymphocytes and autoantibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is triggered due to molecular mimicry in Lyme disease?

Humoral immune response Signup and view all the answers

What are the high levels of autoantibodies in AIDS patients often associated with?

Polyclonal B-cell activation caused by other viruses Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism can provide costimulating signals for autoreactive lymphocytes?

Infectious agents parasitizing intracellularly in the antigen-presenting cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cells most often act as antigen-presenting cells, activating autoreactive lymphocytes?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What does the absence of specific mechanisms contributing to peripheral tolerance lead to?

Activation of autoreactive clones of lymphocytes during infection Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules increase in expression on dendritic cells in infected tissue?

Co-stimulators (B7-1, B7-2) Signup and view all the answers

What is presented on the surface of dendritic cells migrating to peripheral lymphoid organs?

Peptide-MHC protein complexes, including infectious and bodily peptides Signup and view all the answers

What is a rare complication of measles vaccination?

An autoimmune lesion of the myelin sheath Signup and view all the answers

Which virus shows a particularly high degree of homology with the main protein of myelin?

Hepatitis B virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of immunizing rabbits with a peptide from the hepatitis B virus?

Antibody synthesis and T-lymphocyte proliferation Signup and view all the answers

What type of autoimmune response can be induced by infection with certain viruses?

Autoimmune response to sequestered antigens Signup and view all the answers

What may also influence sensitivity to autoimmune reactions?

The individual's MHC haplotype Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of certain viruses expressing epitopes with molecular mimicry to the main myelin protein?

The development of multiple sclerosis Signup and view all the answers