Questions and Answers
Rank the following substances in order from most soluble in water to least soluble in water:
NaCl = Most soluble 2-butanol = Second Propane = Third Ethane = Least soluble
Why is water known as a polar molecule?
Because the electrons of the covalent bond are not shared equally between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Which interactions and processes contribute to the dissolution of ionic compounds in water?
Rank the organic compounds from most soluble to least soluble:
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Classify the following compounds as highly soluble or slightly soluble/incompressible in water:
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Classify the following processes as exothermic or endothermic:
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What is the major force between ethanol and rubbing alcohol?
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If two substances are soluble in all proportions then they are ________ in each other.
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What is a solution in which the dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with the solid solute called?
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What is likely to happen if an aqueous solution is saturated with both a solid and a gas at 5 °C and is heated to 85 °C?
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For which salt will increasing the temperature of the water have the greatest change in solubility per 100 g solvent?
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What is burped up from the bottom of a water-filled volcanic crater?
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If the uncatalyzed reaction occurs in a single elementary step, why is it a slow reaction?
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Based on their available oxidation states, rank the following metals on their ability to catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions:
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In the hydrogenation of double bonds, a catalyst is needed. What is the third step where the reactants react to form the product known as?
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Study Notes
Solubility in Water
- Most soluble in water: NaCl (salt) due to its ionic nature.
- Second most soluble: 2-butanol (C4H9OH), an alcohol.
- Propane (C3H8) is less soluble than 2-butanol but more than ethane (C2H6) because it can form more hydrogen bonds with water.
- Ethane is the least soluble due to its nonpolar characteristics.
Polar Nature of Water
- Water is a polar molecule with an unequal sharing of electrons in the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen.
- The oxygen atom has a higher electronegativity, attracting electrons more strongly than hydrogen.
Dissolution of Ionic Compounds
- Key processes for ionic compound dissolution in water include hydration and ion-dipole interactions.
- Oxygen has a greater affinity for cations, while hydrogen attracts anions, aiding in solvation.
Organic Compound Solubility Ranking
- Ranking from most to least soluble: C4H7OOH (most soluble), followed by C4H9OH, C4H10O, and C4H10 (least soluble).
Classification of Solubility
- Highly soluble compounds: NaCl, KOH, CH3CH2OH, CH3COOH, CH3OH, Na2SO4, KNO3.
- Insoluble compounds: C6H6, C6H14, CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, CH3(CH2)5OH.
Thermodynamics of Dissolution
- Separation of solute molecules: endothermic process.
- Separation of solvent molecules: endothermic process.
- Formation of solute-solvent interactions: exothermic process.
Forces in Solutions
- Major intermolecular force between ethanol and rubbing alcohol: hydrogen bonding.
- Miscibility occurs when two substances are soluble in all proportions.
Saturated Solutions
- A solution in dynamic equilibrium with a solid solute is termed a saturated solution.
- Heating a saturated solution containing both a solid and gas (e.g., at 5°C) will result in gas precipitation and increased solid solubility when raised to 85°C.
Solubility Changes with Temperature
- NH4Cl demonstrates the greatest increase in solubility with temperature among K2SO4, Li2SO4, KClO4, and NH4Cl due to its steep solubility curve.
Carbon Dioxide in Nature
- Carbon dioxide can be released from the bottom of volcanic craters filled with water.
Reaction Mechanisms
- Slow reactions, even when occurring in a single elementary step, depend on correct energy and orientation for particle collisions.
- For symmetrical cations, collisions have favorable orientations, facilitating reactions.
Catalysts in Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Ranked effectiveness as catalysts: manganese (best), followed by vanadium, and titanium (worst).
- Manganese is versatile, covering oxidation states from +2 to +7; vanadium is often used in sulfuric acid production.
Hydrogenation Reactions
- The third step in the hydrogenation of double bonds involves the reactants combining to form products, known as the reaction step.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the solubility of various substances with these flashcards from Mastering Chemistry Chapters 13 and 14. Learn how different molecular structures affect solubility in water. Perfect for students preparing for exams in chemistry.
