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Questions and Answers
According to the text, what is the most important factor in determining the solubility of a substance?
According to the text, what is the most important factor in determining the solubility of a substance?
- The relationship between the substance and the solvent in terms of structure (correct)
- The color of the substance
- The molecular weight of the substance
- The density of the substance
What must be supplied in dissolution, melting, and boiling processes?
What must be supplied in dissolution, melting, and boiling processes?
- Light
- Heat (correct)
- Pressure
- Electricity
Which type of solvents are able to dissolve ionic compounds appreciably?
Which type of solvents are able to dissolve ionic compounds appreciably?
- Aromatic solvents
- Highly polar solvents (correct)
- Non-polar solvents
- Aliphatic solvents
What type of molecule has a positive end and a negative end?
What type of molecule has a positive end and a negative end?
What is the main source of energy required to break the bonds between solute particles?
What is the main source of energy required to break the bonds between solute particles?
What is the result of the reaction between a carboxylic acid and NaHCO3?
What is the result of the reaction between a carboxylic acid and NaHCO3?
What type of compounds are usually soluble in concentrated H2SO4?
What type of compounds are usually soluble in concentrated H2SO4?
What causes the formation of a dark solution or precipitate when a compound reacts with concentrated H2SO4?
What causes the formation of a dark solution or precipitate when a compound reacts with concentrated H2SO4?
What is the significance of the presence of an amino group in a compound when it reacts with dilute acids?
What is the significance of the presence of an amino group in a compound when it reacts with dilute acids?
What is the outcome when a phenol containing strong electron-withdrawing substituents reacts with NaHCO3?
What is the outcome when a phenol containing strong electron-withdrawing substituents reacts with NaHCO3?
Which factor decreases the polarity of a compound?
Which factor decreases the polarity of a compound?
What can increase the solubility of a compound in water?
What can increase the solubility of a compound in water?
Which type of organic compounds are usually highly soluble in water?
Which type of organic compounds are usually highly soluble in water?
How do organic compounds become ions in order to be water-soluble?
How do organic compounds become ions in order to be water-soluble?
What happens when low-molar-mass organic compounds containing polar groups form hydrogen bonds with water?
What happens when low-molar-mass organic compounds containing polar groups form hydrogen bonds with water?
Which type of compounds dissolve in solvents based on their polarity?
Which type of compounds dissolve in solvents based on their polarity?
What term is used to describe the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent?
What term is used to describe the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent?
In what type of solvents do ionic compounds dissolve due to ion-dipole bonds?
In what type of solvents do ionic compounds dissolve due to ion-dipole bonds?
What is the measure of solubility described in terms of grams of solute per liter or milligrams of solute per milliliter?
What is the measure of solubility described in terms of grams of solute per liter or milligrams of solute per milliliter?
What do two liquids that are miscible do when mixed together?
What do two liquids that are miscible do when mixed together?
Study Notes
- Ionic compounds dissolve in solvents with high dielectric constant, such as water, due to ion-dipole bonds formed between ions and solvent molecules.
- Solvent molecules surround ions in solution and form a cluster around them, called solvation or hydration.
- Water's superiority as a solvent for ionic substances comes from its polarity, high dielectric constant, and ability to form hydrogen bonds.
- Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
- Non-ionic compounds dissolve in solvents based on their polarity: polar compounds in polar solvents, and nonpolar compounds in nonpolar solvents.
- Solubility can be described in terms of grams of solute per liter (g/L) or milligrams of solute per milliliter (mg/mL).
- Three techniques in organic chemistry laboratory, crystallization, extraction, and chromatography, are based on the solubility of substances.
- Two liquids that are miscible mix homogeneously in all proportions, while immiscible liquids do not mix homogeneously in all proportions and form two layers.
- Solubility and miscibility are related concepts, but solubility has degrees, while miscibility does not.
- To predict the solubility and polarity of molecular solutions, follow the guidelines: 1) hydrocarbons are nonpolar, 2) compounds with oxygen or nitrogen are polar, 3) halogen atoms do not significantly alter the polarity of an organic compound.
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Description
Test your knowledge of predicting polarity and solubility of organic compounds with this quiz. See if you can identify how the addition of carbon atoms to a chain affects the polarity and solubility of compounds.
