Questions and Answers
What is the immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation?
H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase.
Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
glycolysis
What is the oxidizing agent in the reaction: Pyruvate + NADH + H+ → Lactate + NAD+?
pyruvate
When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, the pH of the matrix decreases.
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During which metabolic process is most CO2 released from catabolism?
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Select the correct statement about cellular respiration.
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How will a healthy individual's ATP production change during an eight-hour fast?
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What does glycolysis begin the process of?
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What is the advantage of having an electron transport chain?
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Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation. (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following cheeses would likely spoil the most quickly?
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A high fat cheese is denser than a low fat cheese.
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What is required to connect a large quantity of lactose to acid in cheese making?
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Successfully making cheese requires separating _____.
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When glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, where is most of the energy stored?
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Which two molecules are produced during glycolysis?
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What starts the process of glucose oxidation in glycolysis?
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What happens to the two carbons from the acetyl group of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?
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Which compounds are the net inputs and outputs of oxidative phosphorylation?
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Match each stage of cellular respiration with the cellular location in which it occurs:
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What is the direct role of O2 in mitochondrial electron transport?
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How do anaerobic conditions affect electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation?
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Why is more ATP made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2?
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What effect does gramicidin have on ATP synthesis?
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Which compounds couple the stages of cellular respiration?
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What happens in the absence of oxygen during electron transport?
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What effect does increased ATP demand have on ATP production?
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What would happen to the cell's rate of glucose utilization with increased ATP demand?
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Which molecule is metabolized to produce energy for performing work in the cell?
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The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.
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Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP?
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Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen?
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Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration?
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Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
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Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP?
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The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.
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The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound?
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Which statement about the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP is correct?
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Study Notes
ATP Synthesis and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation is driven by the H+ concentration gradient across the membrane.
- The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen.
Metabolic Pathways
- Glycolysis is the common pathway for both fermentation and cellular respiration of glucose.
- The citric acid cycle is responsible for most CO2 release from catabolism.
Cellular Respiration Concepts
- Cellular respiration occurs at the cellular level, while breathing is an organism-level process.
- A healthy individual’s ATP production remains stable during an eight-hour fast.
- Glycolysis initiates glucose catabolism, converting glucose into two pyruvate molecules with a net gain of two ATP.
Enzyme Activity and Regulation
- Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is more active at low ATP concentrations and is an allosteric enzyme inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP.
- Substrate-level phosphorylation produces ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, accounting for all ATP formed in glycolysis.
Products and Outputs of Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle
- Glycolysis produces 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and a net of 2 ATP.
- In glycolysis: glucose is consumed, resulting in the production of ATP and NADH; does not involve O2 uptake or CO2 release.
- The citric acid cycle produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2 while releasing CO2.
Redox Reactions in Cellular Respiration
- The oxidation of glucose yields electrons stored in NADH and FADH2, retaining most energy from glucose.
- NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.
- Electrons moving to more electronegative atoms indicates reduction and energy release.
Energy Production
- Most energy stored in NADH and FADH2 is used for ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation.
- Catabolic processes generate ATP when immediate ATP supply is exhausted.
Fermentation
- Fermentation regenerates NAD+ to maintain ATP production through glycolysis.
Importance of Carbon Compound Transformation
- For every glucose molecule, four CO2 are released during the citric acid cycle.
- Acetyl CoA formation includes the oxidation of pyruvate to produce NADH and release CO2.
Conditions Affecting Cellular Respiration
- Anaerobic conditions halt electron transport and ATP production, as oxygen is essential for functioning as the final electron acceptor in the chain.
Additional Key Points
- Electronegativity describes an element's ability to attract electrons.
- Ionic bonds form through complete electron transfer, exemplified by lithium fluoride.
- High-energy foods like carbohydrates and fats have numerous electrons associated with hydrogen.
Location of Cellular Respiration Processes
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, while the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation processes occur in the mitochondrial matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane, respectively.
Cheese and Fermentation
- Low fat, low salt cheeses spoil quicker; cheeses with little water are generally higher in fat. Bacteria are crucial for lactose fermentation into acid.
- Successful cheese-making requires the separation of curds and whey.### Cellular Respiration Overview
- Electron transport and ATP synthesis cease if no electron donors are available.
- NADH results in more ATP production compared to FADH2 due to fewer protons being pumped across the mitochondrial membrane with FADH2.
Effects of Gramicidin
- Gramicidin increases proton permeability of membranes, disrupting the proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.
- Despite this leakiness, the processes of proton pumping, electron transport, and oxygen uptake continue unaffected.
Coupling of Cellular Respiration Stages
- The four stages of cellular respiration are interconnected, with outputs from one stage serving as inputs for another.
- Key molecules involved in coupling include pyruvate, NADH, and NAD+.
Impact of Oxygen on Electron Transport
- Absence of oxygen halts electron transport, preventing NADH from converting back to NAD+, which is crucial for earlier stages of cellular respiration.
Regulation of Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is regulated by ATP levels through feedback inhibition.
- High ATP concentrations inhibit phosphofructokinase (PFK), reducing the glycolytic rate; decreased ATP levels lift this inhibition, enhancing ATP production.
Glucose Utilization
- Increased ATP demand results in significantly heightened glucose utilization rates.
Primary Energy Source
- Glucose is the primary molecule metabolized within cells for energy production.
ATP Structure and Function
- ATP's potential energy chiefly arises from its three phosphate groups, affirming its crucial role in energy transfer.
Cellular Respiration Processes
- Fermentation is not part of the ATP-producing cellular respiration pathway.
- Glycolysis is the only cellular respiration step that can proceed without oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide Production
- All carbon atoms from glucose are converted into carbon dioxide during cellular respiration.
Electron Transport Chain
- Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are donated to the electron transport chain, driving ATP production.
Major ATP Production
- The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are responsible for generating the highest amounts of ATP during glucose metabolism.
- The largest ATP-producing reactions occur within the mitochondria.
Final Electron Acceptors
- The electrons stripped from glucose during cellular respiration end up contributing to water formation in the end stages.
Chemiosmotic ATP Synthesis
- ATP is synthesized via chemiosmosis through the coupling of electron transport and proton movement across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chapter 9 of Biology. This quiz covers important terms and definitions related to ATP synthesis, metabolic pathways, and oxidation-reduction reactions. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of cellular respiration and fermentation.
