Cellular Respiration and ATP
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Questions and Answers

What is the result of a cell's inability to maintain its plasma membrane?

  • A reversible phase
  • A decrease in plasma membrane pump activity
  • An increase in ATP generation
  • Cell injury (correct)

    • What is the role of plasma membrane pumps in many cases?

  • To damage the plasma membrane
  • To maintain the plasma membrane (correct)
  • To increase ATP generation
  • To decrease ATP generation

    • What is the consequence of a decrease in ATP generation?

  • A decrease in plasma membrane damage
  • An increase in plasma membrane damage (correct)
  • A reversible phase
  • An increase in plasma membrane pump activity

    • What is the result of a reversible phase in a cell?

    <p>No effect on the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ATP and plasma membrane pumps?

    <p>ATP is required for plasma membrane pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of plasma membrane damage?

    <p>Cell injury or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a cell's ability to maintain its plasma membrane?

    <p>Cell survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in the context of plasma membrane pumps?

    <p>ATP is required to activate the pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way infectious pathogens injure cells?

    <p>By producing toxins and disrupting metabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the disruption of metabolic pathways in cells?

    <p>Damage to cells and disruption of cellular functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of eosinophils in the context of infectious pathogens?

    <p>To trigger an immune response and eliminate pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the accumulation of glycerolyceride in cells?

    <p>Formation of cellular vacuoles and disruption of cellular functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which infectious pathogens cause cell damage?

    <p>Through the production of toxins and disruption of metabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of disrupting metabolic pathways in cells?

    <p>Disruption of cellular functions and damage to cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fatty changes in organs in the context of infectious pathogens?

    <p>To create fatty changes in organs and disrupt cellular functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the immune response triggered by infectious pathogens?

    <p>Elimination of pathogens and resolution of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of events in cell injury that culminate in necrosis or apoptosis?

    <p>Cell injury, necrosis, apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are myelin figures composed of?

    <p>_collections of phospholipids in concentric layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often observed in mitochondria of cells undergoing necrosis?

    <p>Amorphous densities visible by electron microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of RNA binding to the blue membrane staining?

    <p>Eosinophilic protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the plasma membrane during cell injury?

    <p>Altered structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of DNA damage in cell injury?

    <p>Loss of cellular membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur to the ER during cell injury?

    <p>Dissociation of polysomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur to nuclear chromatin during cell injury?

    <p>Clumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of calcium soap formation in fat necrosis?

    <p>Saponification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the white chalky deposits seen in fat necrosis?

    <p>Calcium soap deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of cell injury shown in Fig. 1.2B?

    <p>Reversible cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of irreversible cell injury shown in Fig. 1.2C?

    <p>Loss of nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the tissue shown in Fig. 1.2A?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of the morphologic changes seen in Fig. 1.2B?

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the breakdown of lipids in fat necrosis?

    <p>Lipid breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the fat necrosis shown in eFig. 1.1?

    <p>Mesentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in cell size between necrosis and apoptosis?

    <p>Necrosis results in enlarged cell size, while apoptosis results in reduced cell size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of enzymatic digestion in necrosis?

    <p>The cellular contents are digested and may leak out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is often physiologic and eliminates unwanted cells?

    <p>Apoptosis is a physiologic process that eliminates unwanted cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of nuclei in necrotic cells?

    <p>The nuclei undergo pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of apoptosis in a cell?

    <p>To eliminate unwanted cells and maintain tissue homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the plasma membrane in apoptotic cells?

    <p>The plasma membrane is intact and has an altered structure, especially in lipid orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of adjacent inflammation in necrosis?

    <p>Adjacent inflammation is frequently seen in necrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis in terms of physiological or pathological role?

    <p>Apoptosis is physiologic, while necrosis is pathologic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of cellular contents in apoptotic cells?

    <p>The cellular contents are intact and may be released in apoptotic bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of nucleus fragmentation in apoptotic cells?

    <p>The nucleus fragments into nucleosome-sized fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell injury can be caused by genetic abnormalities, including mutations that impair cellular function.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immune-mediated reactions against self-antigens or environmental antigens can cause cell injury.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells can adapt to stress and recover without injury.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA damage can lead to the accumulation of damaged DNA or abnormal proteins in cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell injury can be caused by the accumulation of damaged or abnormal proteins that cannot be repaired or corrected.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infectious pathogens can cause cell injury through various mechanisms, including immune-mediated reactions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reversible cell injury can lead to cell death if the injurious stimulus is not removed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell injury can be caused by a failure to maintain proper cellular function, leading to the accumulation of damaged cellular components.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell death due to hypoxia can lead to necrosis or apoptosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Necrosis is always caused by a reversible phase in a cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the plasma membrane can lead to cell death through necrosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infections are the primary mechanism of cell damage in all cases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apoptosis is a form of cell death that always involves inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Necrosis and apoptosis are two terms that describe the same process of cell death.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caseous necrosis is characterized by the accumulation of yellow-white debris.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA damage can lead to the activation of proapoptotic proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infections, especially viral infections, can activate the mitochondrial pathway.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caspases are involved in the killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caseous necrosis is typically associated with fungal infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondrial damage is a characteristic feature of apoptotic cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dry gangrene is caused by bacterial infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proapoptotic proteins are involved in the pathways leading to necrosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma membrane pumps are involved in the maintenance of cell membrane structure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the plasma membrane can lead to necrosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accumulation of misfolded proteins can activate proapoptotic pathways.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caseous necrosis is a type of reversible cell injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wet gangrene is typically associated with bacterial infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Necrosis is a reversible process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disruption of metabolic pathways can lead to cell injury.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infectious pathogens can cause cell injury by disrupting the plasma membrane.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe DNA damage can lead to the formation of apoptotic bodies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Necrosis is a physiological process that eliminates unwanted cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Certain viruses can trigger immune responses that destroy infected cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In apoptosis, the cell membrane remains intact.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    BAX and BAK proteins are normally activated by anti-apoptotic molecules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The accumulation of misfolded proteins can lead to ER stress.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In necrosis, the cell's contents are released into the surrounding environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apoptosis is a rapid process that leads to cell death within minutes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a cell's inability to maintain its plasma membrane, leading to a decrease in ATP generation?

    <p>Cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of plasma membrane pumps in many cases, and how does it relate to ATP generation?

    <p>To maintain the plasma membrane, dependent on ATP generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a reversible phase in a cell, if the injurious stimulus is not removed?

    <p>Cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infectious pathogens cause cell injury, and what is the primary mechanism involved?

    <p>Through various mechanisms, including ATP depletion or plasma membrane damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the death of soft tissue and the resulting loss of blood supply and subsequent coagulative necrosis?

    <p>Gangrenous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of disrupting metabolic pathways in cells, and how does it relate to ATP generation?

    <p>Cell injury, due to decreased ATP generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of severe injury to cells, leading to a pathologic process in which cells spill their contents into the extracellular milieu?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in maintaining the plasma membrane, and how does it relate to cell injury?

    <p>To maintain the plasma membrane, preventing cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a cell's inability to maintain its plasma membrane, and how does it relate to ATP generation?

    <p>Cell injury, due to decreased ATP generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of cell death resulting from severe injury, such as ischemia, and characterized by a loss of blood supply and subsequent coagulative necrosis?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which a cell's inability to maintain its plasma membrane leads to cell injury?

    <p>ATP depletion or plasma membrane damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of cell injury that leads to local inflammation?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the death of cells resulting from a lack of blood supply, such as in diabetic vascular disease?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which cells die due to severe injury, leading to a loss of blood supply and subsequent necrosis?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the disruption of metabolic pathways in cells injured by infectious pathogens?

    <p>Disruption of metabolic pathways in cells injured by infectious pathogens can lead to fatty changes in organs and accumulation of glycerolyceride.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infectious pathogens injure cells by producing toxins?

    <p>Infectious pathogens injure cells by producing toxins that damage cellular components and disrupt metabolic pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of eosinophils in the context of infectious pathogens?

    <p>Eosinophils are involved in the immune response triggered by infectious pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cell membrane damage caused by infectious pathogens?

    <p>Cell membrane damage caused by infectious pathogens can lead to cell injury and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infectious pathogens disrupt metabolic pathways in cells?

    <p>Infectious pathogens disrupt metabolic pathways in cells by producing toxins that damage cellular components and disrupt normal cellular function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the immune response triggered by infectious pathogens?

    <p>The immune response triggered by infectious pathogens can lead to cell injury and death, as well as tissue damage and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fatty changes in organs occur in the context of infectious pathogens?

    <p>Fatty changes in organs occur when infectious pathogens disrupt metabolic pathways, leading to the accumulation of fatty changes in organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which infectious pathogens cause cell damage?

    <p>The primary mechanism by which infectious pathogens cause cell damage is through the production of toxins that damage cellular components and disrupt metabolic pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of cell injury resulting from the disruption of plasma membrane structure and function?

    <p>The primary mechanism of cell injury resulting from the disruption of plasma membrane structure and function is the inability to maintain ionic and osmotic balance, leading to swelling of cells and potentially irreversible cell injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of severe cell injury, particularly in cases where the injury is not removed or corrected?

    <p>The consequence of severe cell injury, particularly in cases where the injury is not removed or corrected, is irreversible cell injury, which can lead to cell death through necrosis or apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in maintaining plasma membrane structure and function?

    <p>ATP plays a crucial role in maintaining plasma membrane structure and function by providing energy for membrane pumps to maintain ionic and osmotic balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of reversible cell injury?

    <p>The characteristic feature of reversible cell injury is the ability of cells to recover and return to a normal state once the injurious stimulus is removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of infectious pathogens causing cell injury?

    <p>The primary mechanism of infectious pathogens causing cell injury is through the disruption of metabolic pathways, leading to the accumulation of damaged cellular components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of DNA damage in cell injury?

    <p>The consequence of DNA damage in cell injury is the accumulation of damaged DNA or abnormal proteins, which can lead to cell death or genetic mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in cell injury, particularly in cases of fat necrosis?

    <p>Calcium plays a crucial role in cell injury, particularly in cases of fat necrosis, where it forms calcium soaps, leading to the characteristic features of fat necrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis in terms of physiological or pathological role?

    <p>The primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis in terms of physiological or pathological role is that necrosis is a pathological process, whereas apoptosis is a physiological process that eliminates unwanted cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of caseous necrosis?

    <p>yellow-white (cheesy) debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of DNA damage in cell injury?

    <p>accumulation of damaged DNA or abnormal proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which certain viral infections cause cell injury?

    <p>activation of the mitochondrial pathway by viral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in cell injury caused by infections?

    <p>killing of infected cells by activating caspases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the accumulation of misfolded proteins in cells?

    <p>activation of proapoptotic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of necrotic cells?

    <p>loss of plasma membrane integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of apoptosis in eliminating unwanted cells?

    <p>physiologic elimination of unwanted cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of nucleus fragmentation in apoptotic cells?

    <p>cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Necrosis and apoptosis are two main forms of cell __________.

    <p>death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ phase of necrosis is cumulatively severe, leading to irreversible damage.

    <p>irreversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Injury can cause necrosis, leading to the breakdown of __________ membrane integrity.

    <p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Necrosis can be triggered by excessive __________ exposures.

    <p>noxious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A characteristic feature of necrosis is a local __________ response.

    <p>inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Necrosis can lead to the __________ of cellular components, making it difficult for the cell to recover.

    <p>breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apoptosis is often characterized by __________ morphological changes.

    <p>distinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis is their __________ consequences.

    <p>functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infectious pathogens, which ______________ cells by producing toxins, can cause cell injury.

    <p>injure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty changes in organs can lead to the accumulation of ______________, which disrupts metabolic pathways.

    <p>glycerolyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infectious pathogens can cause cell injury by stimulating the ______________ response.

    <p>immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils play a role in the ______________ response to infectious pathogens.

    <p>immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infectious pathogens can cause cell injury by damaging the ______________ membrane.

    <p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______________ of metabolic pathways can lead to cell injury and death.

    <p>disruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infectious pathogens can cause cell injury by producing ______________, which can damage cells.

    <p>toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The accumulation of ______________ in cells can disrupt metabolic pathways and lead to cell injury.

    <p>glycerolyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoxia is a result of reduced ______ supply.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ischemia is a result of reduced ______ supply.

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cell injury, swelling of the ______ reticulum and mitochondria may occur.

    <p>endoplasmic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelin figures are composed of ______ and other lipids.

    <p>glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ staining of nuclei during cell injury may be indicative of DNA damage.

    <p>blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cell injury, the ______ of chromatin in the nucleus may occur.

    <p>condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Membrane ______ may be a characteristic feature of irreversible cell injury.

    <p>blebs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell injury can lead to ______ and eventually cell death.

    <p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell ______.

    <p>death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and fragments is performed by ______.

    <p>phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By ______, apoponenomena: the ability to restore mitochondrial function (oxidative and ive stress) is mediated by defined molecular pathways.

    <p>contrast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the process of calcium soap formation in fat necrosis.

    <p>saponification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ______, the cell size is reduced due to shrinkage.

    <p>apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the typical outcome of enzymatic digestion in necrosis.

    <p>leakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ of the plasma membrane is disrupted in necrosis.

    <p>structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ______, the nucleus undergoes fragmentation into nucleosome-sized fragments.

    <p>apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ of cellular contents is intact in apoptosis, but may be released in apoptotic bodies.

    <p>integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ______, the adjacent inflammation is frequent.

    <p>necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is often physiologic and eliminates unwanted cells.

    <p>apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ of nucleus fragmentation in apoptotic cells is the formation of nucleosome-sized fragments.

    <p>outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fig. 1.2B shows the stage of _____________ cell injury.

    <p>early</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of _____________ formation in fat necrosis is also known as saponification.

    <p>calcium soap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Fig. 1.2C, the _____________ of nuclei is a characteristic feature of irreversible cell injury.

    <p>loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The white chalky deposits seen in fat necrosis are also known as _____________.

    <p>foci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____________ of lipids in fat necrosis leads to the formation of calcium soap.

    <p>breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The location of the tissue shown in Fig. 1.2A is the _____________.

    <p>kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fat necrosis shown in eFig. 1.1 is located in the _____________.

    <p>mesentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis is in their _____________ or pathological role.

    <p>physiological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions related to cell injury:

    <p>Reversible cell injury = Cell injury that can be corrected if the injurious stimulus is removed Irreversible cell injury = Cell injury that leads to cell death Cell adaptation = Cells recover without injury after stress Cell necrosis = Cell death due to failure of cellular function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms with their effects on cell injury:

    <p>Immune-mediated reactions = Cell injury caused by self-antigens or environmental antigens DNA damage = Accumulation of damaged DNA or abnormal proteins Infectious pathogens = Cell injury through various mechanisms Genetic abnormalities = Impairment of cellular function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following outcomes with their corresponding cellular processes:

    <p>Cell death = Failure to maintain proper cellular function Accumulation of damaged cellular components = Cell injury caused by genetic abnormalities Necrosis = Cells that cannot recover from stress Apoptosis = Physiologic process of eliminating unwanted cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their characteristics related to cell injury:

    <p>Reversible phase = Cell injury that can be corrected if the injurious stimulus is removed Irreversible phase = Cell injury that leads to cell death Plasma membrane damage = Disruption of metabolic pathways Nuclear chromatin damage = Change in DNA structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions related to cell injury:

    <p>Cell adaptation = Cells recover without injury after stress Cell injury = Failure to maintain proper cellular function Cell necrosis = Cell death due to failure of cellular function Cell damage = Disruption of metabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms with their effects on cell membranes:

    <p>Plasma membrane damage = Disruption of metabolic pathways Nuclear chromatin damage = Change in DNA structure ER damage = Accumulation of damaged cellular components Mitochondrial damage = Disruption of ATP generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following outcomes with their corresponding cellular processes related to cell injury:

    <p>Cell death = Failure to maintain proper cellular function Apoptosis = Physiologic process of eliminating unwanted cells Necrosis = Cells that cannot recover from stress Reversible cell injury = Cell injury that can be corrected if the injurious stimulus is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions related to cell injury and adaptation:

    <p>Reversible cell injury = Cell injury that can be corrected if the injurious stimulus is removed Cell adaptation = Cells recover without injury after stress Cell necrosis = Cell death due to failure of cellular function Cell damage = Disruption of metabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with the corresponding stage of cell injury:

    <p>Fig. 1.2A = Normal cell Fig. 1.2B = Reversible cell injury Fig. 1.2C = Irreversible cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Saponification = Calcium soap formation Fat necrosis = Breakdown of lipids in fat cells Eosinophilia = Increased staining of cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cell injury with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Necrosis = Loss of nucleus and fragmentation of cells Apoptosis = Physiological elimination of unwanted cells Reversible cell injury = Surface blebs and increased eosinophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their corresponding locations:

    <p>eFig. 1.1 = Mesentery Fig. 1.2A = Kidney tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes of cell injury with their corresponding mechanisms:

    <p>Genetic abnormalities = Mutations that impair cellular function Infectious pathogens = Immune-mediated reactions and metabolic disruption Immune-mediated reactions = Reactions against self-antigens or environmental antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of cell injury with their corresponding outcomes:

    <p>Reversible cell injury = Possible recovery if injurious stimulus is removed Irreversible cell injury = Cell death Apoptosis = Physiological elimination of unwanted cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular changes with their corresponding stages of cell injury:

    <p>Surface blebs and increased eosinophilia = Reversible cell injury Loss of nucleus and fragmentation of cells = Irreversible cell injury Nuclear chromatin condensation = Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cell injury with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Necrosis = Inflammation and tissue damage Apoptosis = No inflammation or tissue damage Reversible cell injury = Possible recovery if injurious stimulus is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cell death with their descriptions:

    <p>Necrosis = Unprogrammed cell death often resulting in inflammation Apoptosis = Programmed cell death that eliminates unwanted cells Osmotic cell death = Cell death due to disruption of osmotic balance Cell membrane damage = Cell death due to disruption of plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular components with their functions during cell injury:

    <p>Plasma membrane = Maintains cellular integrity and regulates ion transport Endoplasmic reticulum = Involved in protein synthesis and folding Mitochondria = Generates ATP for cellular processes Nucleus = Regulates gene expression and cellular metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cellular injury with their causes:

    <p>Reversible cell injury = Temporary loss of cellular function due to ATP depletion Irreversible cell injury = Permanent loss of cellular function due to DNA damage Infectious cell injury = Caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections Immune-mediated cell injury = Caused by immune responses against self-antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular changes with their descriptions:

    <p>Swellen mitochondria = Characterized by increased mitochondrial size Myelin figures = Composed of lipid bilayers and seen in cell membrane injury Fatty changes = Characterized by accumulation of lipid droplets in cells Eosinophilic changes = Characterized by accumulation of eosinophilic proteins in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cellular responses with their descriptions:

    <p>Inflammation = Response to tissue injury characterized by immune cell activation Adaptation = Cellular response to stress that allows for recovery Cell death = Result of cellular injury that leads to cell demise Cellular dysfunction = Loss of cellular function due to injury or stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cellular injury with their consequences:

    <p>Reversible cell injury = Can lead to cell death if stimulus is not removed Irreversible cell injury = Results in cell death and tissue damage Infectious cell injury = Can lead to disease and tissue damage Immune-mediated cell injury = Can lead to autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular components with their changes during cell injury:

    <p>Plasma membrane = Becomes permeable and allows for ion flux Endoplasmic reticulum = Becomes dilated and involved in protein synthesis Mitochondria = Becomes swollen and dysfunctional Nucleus = Becomes fragmented and involved in apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cellular injury with their characteristics:

    <p>Necrosis = Characterized by cellular swelling and loss of membrane integrity Apoptosis = Characterized by cellular shrinkage and nuclear fragmentation Infectious cell injury = Characterized by immune cell activation and inflammation Immune-mediated cell injury = Characterized by immune cell activation and tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of necrosis with their characteristics:

    <p>Dry gangrene = Dead tissue with a dry, blackish appearance Wet gangrene = Dead tissue with a moist, soft appearance Caseous necrosis = Characterized by a cheesy, white appearance Coagulative necrosis = Dead tissue with a firm, whitish appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms of cell injury with their effects:

    <p>Disruption of plasma membrane = Loss of cellular contents Disruption of mitochondrial function = Impaired ATP generation Disruption of protein synthesis = Accumulation of abnormal proteins Disruption of lysosomal function = Release of digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of gangrene with their causes:

    <p>Wet gangrene = Superimposed bacterial infection Dry gangrene = Thrombosis or embolism Gas gangrene = Clostridial infection Fournier's gangrene = Necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular changes with their effects:

    <p>Dissolution of ceullar membranes = Release of cellular contents Accumulation of glycerolyceride = Fatty change in cells Disruption of mitochondrial function = Impaired ATP generation Disruption of nuclear chromatin = DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cell injury with their outcomes:

    <p>Reversible cell injury = Cell recovery with removal of injurious stimulus Irreversible cell injury = Cell death Necrosis = Unprogrammed cell death Apoptosis = Programmed cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms of cell death with their characteristics:

    <p>Necrosis = Inflammation and tissue damage Apoptosis = Phagocytosis of cellular debris Autophagic cell death = Self-digestion of cellular components Mitotic catastrophe = Cell death due to aberrant mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular changes with their causes:

    <p>Dissolution of plasma membrane = Disruption of plasma membrane pumps Accumulation of damaged DNA = Genetic mutations or environmental insults Disruption of mitochondrial function = Impaired ATP generation Disruption of lysosomal function = Release of digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cell injury with their causes:

    <p>Infectious cell injury = Infectious pathogens Immune-mediated cell injury = Immune response against self-antigens Genetic cell injury = Genetic mutations or abnormalities Toxic cell injury = Environmental toxins or chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell injury processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Fibrinoid necrosis = A type of necrosis characterized by the deposition of protein and inflammation in the artery wall Apoptosis = A process of programmed cell death that eliminates unwanted cells DNA damage = A consequence of the accumulation of damaged DNA or abnormal proteins in cells Cytoplasmic sensors = Sensors that detect changes in the cytoplasm and induce the demerization of two proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular components with their roles in cell injury:

    <p>Plasma membrane = Maintains cellular homeostasis and prevents cellular damage Mitochondria = Generates ATP and is affected in necrosis Eosinophils = Plays a role in the immune response against infectious pathogens ER = Can be affected during cell injury, leading to the accumulation of damaged proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cell injury with their characteristics:

    <p>Necrosis = A type of cell death characterized by the loss of cellular membrane integrity Apoptosis = A type of programmed cell death that does not induce inflammation Reversible cell injury = A type of cell injury that can lead to cell death if the injurious stimulus is not removed Fat necrosis = A type of cell injury characterized by the breakdown of lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular responses with their outcomes:

    <p>Immune response = Leads to the elimination of infectious pathogens Cell adaptation = Allows cells to recover from stress without injury DNA damage response = Leads to the accumulation of damaged DNA or abnormal proteins Infectious pathogen response = Can lead to cell injury through various mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular components with their changes during cell injury:

    <p>Nuclear chromatin = Undergoes changes during cell injury, leading to the accumulation of damaged DNA Plasma membrane = Becomes permeable during cell injury, leading to the influx of calcium Mitochondria = Undergoes changes during cell injury, leading to the disruption of ATP generation Cytoskeleton = Remains unaffected during cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cell death with their characteristics:

    <p>Necrosis = A type of cell death that induces inflammation Apoptosis = A type of programmed cell death that does not induce inflammation Reversible cell injury = Not a type of cell death Autophagy = Not mentioned in the context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular changes with their outcomes:

    <p>Accumulation of damaged DNA = Leads to cell injury and death Accumulation of damaged proteins = Leads to cell injury and death Disruption of ATP generation = Leads to cell injury and death Accumulation of glycerolyceride = Leads to cell injury and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular processes with their outcomes:

    <p>Cell adaptation = Allows cells to recover from stress without injury Immune response = Leads to the elimination of infectious pathogens Apoptosis = Eliminates unwanted cells DNA damage response = Leads to the accumulation of damaged DNA or abnormal proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Injury and Cell Death

    Reversible Cell Injury

    • Reversible cell injury occurs when cells are stressed or damaged, but can recover if the injurious stimulus is removed.
    • Characteristics of reversible cell injury include:
      • Cell swelling
      • Bleb formation
      • Increased eosinophilia of cytoplasm
      • Loss of cellular function
    • Reversible cell injury can be caused by various factors, such as:
      • Ischemia (lack of blood flow)
      • Hypoxia (lack of oxygen)
      • Infections
      • Toxins
      • Nutrient deficiency

    Irreversible Cell Injury (Necrosis)

    • Irreversible cell injury occurs when cells are severely damaged and cannot recover, leading to cell death.
    • Characteristics of irreversible cell injury include:
      • Loss of cell membrane integrity
      • Disruption of cellular organelles
      • Release of cellular contents
      • Nuclear fragmentation
      • Inflammation
    • Irreversible cell injury can be caused by various factors, such as:
      • Severe ischemia or hypoxia
      • Viral infections
      • Bacterial toxins
      • Chemical toxins
      • Radiation

    Apoptosis

    • Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs when cells are damaged or unwanted.
    • Characteristics of apoptosis include:
      • Cell shrinkage
      • Nuclear fragmentation
      • Formation of apoptotic bodies
      • Intact cell membrane
      • No inflammation
    • Apoptosis is a physiological process that helps eliminate unwanted cells, but it can also be induced by disease or injury.

    Features of Necrosis and Apoptosis

    • Table 1.1 summarizes the key features of necrosis and apoptosis:
      • Cell size: Necrosis - enlarged, Apoptosis - reduced
      • Nucleus: Necrosis - pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, Apoptosis - fragmentation
      • Plasma membrane: Necrosis - disrupted, Apoptosis - intact
      • Cellular contents: Necrosis - enzymatic digestion, Apoptosis - intact
      • Adjacent inflammation: Necrosis - frequent, Apoptosis - no

    Fat Necrosis

    • Fat necrosis is a type of necrosis that occurs in adipose tissue, characterized by the formation of calcium soap deposits.
    • Figure 1.1 shows an example of fat necrosis in the mesentery.

    Morphologic Changes in Reversible and Irreversible Cell Injury

    • Figure 1.2 shows the morphologic changes in reversible and irreversible cell injury:
      • A: Normal kidney tubules with viable epithelial cells
      • B: Early reversible ischemic injury with surface blebs, increased eosinophilia, and swelling of occasional cells
      • C: Necrotic (irreversible) injury with loss of nuclei, fragmentation of cells, and leakage of contents.

    Cell Injury

    • Cells can adapt to stress, but may also be injured reversibly or irreversibly, leading to cell death.
    • Reversible cell injury can be caused by various factors, including genetic abnormalities, mutations, and environmental toxins.
    • Irreversible cell injury can lead to cell death, which can be caused by factors such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

    Necrosis

    • Necrosis is a type of cell death characterized by cell membrane damage, leading to an influx of Ca2+ and activation of proteases.
    • Necrosis can be caused by various factors, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
    • Characteristic features of necrosis include:
      • Disruption of cellular membranes, including the plasma membrane and lysosomal membranes
      • Release of cellular contents, including enzymes and proteins
      • Inflammation and immune response
      • Cell death and tissue damage

    Apoptosis

    • Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death that occurs in response to certain stimuli, such as DNA damage or viral infections.
    • Apoptosis is characterized by a series of cellular changes, including:
      • Condensation of chromatin
      • Fragmentation of DNA
      • Activation of caspases
      • Release of apoptotic bodies
    • Apoptosis can be initiated through various pathways, including:
      • Intrinsic pathway: involving mitochondrial dysfunction and release of cytochrome c
      • Extrinsic pathway: involving activation of death receptors by ligands
    • Apoptosis plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including:
      • Development and tissue homeostasis
      • Immune response and defense against infections
      • Cancer and tumor suppression

    Pathologic Consequences of Cell Injury

    • Cell injury can lead to various pathologic consequences, including:
      • Inflammation and tissue damage
      • Fibrosis and scarring
      • Cancer and tumorigenesis
      • Organ dysfunction and failure
    • Cell injury can be caused by various factors, including:
      • Genetic abnormalities and mutations
      • Environmental toxins and chemicals
      • Infections and viral diseases
      • Cancer and chemotherapy

    Cellular Adapations and Physiological Responses

    • Cellular adaptations and physiological responses associated with injury are summarized at the end of the chapter.
    • The early changes associated with injury mostly affect the plasma membrane, leading to a reversible injury phase.

    Reversible Injury

    • Reversible injury refers to structural and functional abnormalities that can be corrected if the injurious agent is removed.
    • It is characterized by changes in the plasma membrane, cellular swelling, and abnormal mitochondrial function.

    Irreversible Injury

    • Irreversible injury leads to cell death and is often caused by severe or prolonged injury.
    • It is characterized by irreversible mitochondrial damage, nuclear chromatin clumping, and eventual cell death.

    Cellular Death

    • Cellular death can occur due to various mechanisms, including ATP depletion, plasma membrane damage, and increase in intracellular calcium.
    • It can lead to the release of cellular contents, causing inflammation and tissue damage.

    Necrosis

    • Necrosis is a pathologic process that results in cell death due to severe injury or ATP depletion.
    • It is characterized by the release of cellular contents, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
    • Necrosis can be classified into different types, including coagulative necrosis, caseous necrosis, and gangrenous necrosis.

    Causes of Necrosis

    • Infectious pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, can cause necrosis by producing toxins or inducing immune responses.
    • Fatty change in organs, such as the liver, can disrupt metabolic pathways and lead to necrosis.
    • Eosinophilic necrosis, characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils, can occur due to various causes, including infections and allergic reactions.

    Consequences of Necrosis

    • Necrosis can lead to the release of cellular contents, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
    • It can disrupt metabolic pathways, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances and further tissue damage.
    • Necrosis can also lead to scarring and tissue remodeling, which can impair organ function.

    Cell Injury and Cell Death

    • Infectious pathogens can injure cells by producing toxins, leading to cell damage and disrupting metabolic pathways in organs.
    • Fatty change in organs, such as the liver, can occur due to toxic injury, disrupting metabolic pathways and leading to rapid accumulation of triglycerides and lipid droplets.
    • Eosinophilic degeneration of cells appears as red, eosinophilic, and degenerated cells with vacuolization in the cytoplasm.

    Reversible Cell Injury

    • Hypoxia (reduced oxygen supply) and ischemia (reduced blood supply) can cause reversible cell injury.
    • Cell injury can lead to swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, causing damage to the plasma membrane.
    • Reversible cell injury can be recovered from, and the cell can return to its normal state.

    Cell Death

    • There are two main forms of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis.
    • Necrosis is a result of severe cell injury, causing cell death and disruption of the plasma membrane.
    • Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death, where the cell undergoes programmed cell death.
    • Necrosis is often associated with inflammation, whereas apoptosis is not.

    Necrosis

    • Necrosis is a result of severe cell injury, causing cell death and disruption of the plasma membrane.
    • The cell undergoes karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and enzymatic digestion, leading to leakage of cell contents.
    • Necrosis is often associated with inflammation and is a pathologic process.

    Apoptosis

    • Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death, where the cell undergoes programmed cell death.
    • The cell undergoes fragmentation, and the nucleus breaks down into nucleosome-sized fragments.
    • Apoptosis is often a physiologic process, but can be pathologic in certain cases.

    Morphologic Changes

    • Reversible cell injury can lead to surface blebs, increased eosinophilia, and swelling of cells.
    • Irreversible cell injury (necrosis) can lead to loss of nuclei, fragmentation of cells, and leakage of cell contents.
    • Fat necrosis can lead to the formation of calcium soap deposits in the mesentery.

    Cell Injury and Death

    • Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible, leading to cell death.
    • Reversible cell injury can be corrected once the injurious agent is removed.

    Causes of Cell Injury

    • Diverse insults, such as chemical, physical, or biological agents, can cause cell injury or death.
    • Insults can lead to disease, including necrosis, apoptosis, and other cell death mechanisms.

    Types of Cell Death

    • Necrosis: a type of cell death characterized by cellular swelling, rupture, and inflammatory response.
    • Apoptosis: a type of programmed cell death, also known as "cell suicide," where the cell undergoes a controlled process of self-destruction.

    Mechanisms of Cell Death

    • Plasma membrane damage: leads to cell death due to the loss of cellular contents and uptake of extracellular substances.
    • Lipid breakdown: can lead to fat necrosis, characterized by the formation of calcium soap deposits.
    • Mitochondrial damage: can disrupt cellular energy production and lead to cell death.
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress: can lead to cell death through the activation of apoptotic pathways.

    Cellular Responses to Injury

    • Cellular stress responses: can activate various signaling pathways to respond to injury, including the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the heat shock response.
    • Inflammation: a response to tissue injury, characterized by the activation of immune cells and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules.

    Apoptotic Pathways

    • The intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway: involves the activation of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as BAX, to trigger apoptosis.
    • The extrinsic (death receptor) pathway: involves the activation of death receptors, such as Fas, to trigger apoptosis.

    Consequences of Cell Death

    • Tissue damage: can lead to organ dysfunction and disease.
    • Inflammation: can lead to tissue damage and disease.
    • Immune responses: can lead to autoimmune disorders or immunodeficiency diseases.

    Examples of Cell Death

    • Fat necrosis: a type of cell death characterized by the formation of calcium soap deposits.
    • Fibrinoid necrosis: a type of cell death characterized by the deposition of fibrin and protein in the affected tissue.
    • Caseous necrosis: a type of cell death characterized by the formation of cheesy, granular material, often seen in tuberculosis.

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