Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Overview

<p>The theory is not applicable to different cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basic needs must be met before higher-level needs can be pursued (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clean air to breathe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal esteem and External esteem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is overly simplistic and does not capture the complexities of human motivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generativity vs. Stagnation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Love (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feelings of hopelessness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identity vs. Role Confusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncertainty about one’s future (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing a sense of trust in caregivers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Will (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tendency to be fearful of taking on new challenges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiencing a feeling of inadequacy and self-doubt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing a strong sense of identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to a sense of competence and well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empathy vs. Apathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrates the interconnected nature of development, with each stage influencing the subsequent stages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symbolic thinking and representational abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concrete Operational Stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through interaction with their physical and social environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory is too focused on individual differences in cognitive development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emergence of abstract thought and deductive reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preoperational Stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that each stage is marked by a significant shift in cognitive abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-actualization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It neglects the importance of internal mental processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous recovery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A student avoids a test by faking an illness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulus generalization involves responding to similar stimuli, while discrimination involves responding only to the original conditioned stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focusing on internal mental processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It focused excessively on observable behaviors, neglecting internal cognitive processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyzing the underlying motivations for human creativity and artistic expression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive psychology provided a significant challenge to behaviorism but did not fully discredit its contributions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The importance of acknowledging the complexity of human behavior and seeking more comprehensive explanations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviorism remains a valuable framework, but it is incomplete by itself. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementing reward systems to motivate students to complete their assignments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human behavior involves complex cognitive processes that cannot be reduced to simple associations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviorism's limitations prompted cognitive psychology to explore the role of mental processes in understanding behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By interacting with others and internalizing social processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction in cognitive development, while Piaget focused on individual construction of knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assimilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By emphasizing the role of cultural tools in shaping cognitive skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasizes the shared construction of knowledge and interpretation within a social environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The influence of social interaction and cultural tools on cognitive processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gap between a learner's actual and potential cognitive abilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By breaking down complex tasks into smaller, more manageable steps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps children regulate their behavior and solve problems more effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teachers should emphasize the importance of social interaction and collaboration in the learning process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They shape cognitive development by mediating thought processes and problem-solving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A shared language that allows for communication and collaboration within a group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vygotsky emphasizes the role of social interaction, while Piaget focuses on individual cognitive stages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A five-tier model of human needs, with basic needs at the bottom.

Basic necessities for survival like air, water, and food.

The need for security, resources, and freedom from fear after physiological needs are met.

Emotional connections, friendships, and a sense of belonging once lower needs are satisfied.

The need for self-worth and recognition from oneself and others.

The highest level, realizing personal potential and pursuing growth.

People who are problem-centered, creative, and appreciate reality.

Issues with rigidity, lack of empirical support, and measuring self-actualization.

The process of developing a coherent and strong sense of self.

A young adulthood conflict where individuals seek meaningful relationships.

Middle adulthood conflict focused on contributing to society and future generations.

Late adulthood stage where individuals reflect on their life for meaning and acceptance.

Successful resolution of intimacy leads to love and belonging.

The first stage where infants develop sense of trust in caregivers.

The second stage where toddlers seek independence and self-control.

The positive outcome of successfully achieving autonomy in toddlerhood.

The third stage where preschoolers are eager to explore and act.

The positive outcome of successfully resolving initiative vs. guilt stage.

The fourth stage where children focus on developing skills and competence.

The positive outcome of successfully navigating industry vs. inferiority stage.

A theory that describes stages of cognitive development in children.

The first stage where infants learn through sensory experiences and actions.

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible.

A stage where children develop symbolic thinking but struggle with perspective-taking.

Focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others.

Children can think logically about concrete objects and understand conservation.

The last stage where individuals can think abstractly and reason hypothetically.

Critiques include underestimating young children and oversimplifying development stages.

The theory struggles to explain complex human behaviors like creativity and language acquisition.

Critics argue behaviorism oversimplifies behavior to stimulus-response links, ignoring cognition's role.

Behaviorism does not account for personal experiences which affect learning uniquely.

Techniques like systematic desensitization are used to modify behavior in therapy.

Behaviorism is used to manage classroom behavior through incentive programs and token economies.

Operant conditioning principles guide how parents influence children's behaviors with consequences.

Operant conditioning principles are applied to train animals through reinforcement.

Cognitive psychology emerged to address the limitations of behaviorism by including mental factors.

A psychological approach focusing on observable behaviors rather than mental processes.

Founder of behaviorism who emphasized observable behavior.

Learning through association, where a neutral stimulus elicits a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Learning where behaviors are influenced by consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment.

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

The reduction and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is removed.

The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.

Key process for cognitive growth where children learn from others.

The shared understanding children develop through social interactions, forming their worldview.

The process by which social learning becomes individual skills, knowledge, and strategies.

The influence of cultural background on cognitive abilities and shared meanings.

Vygotsky emphasized social interaction in learning, unlike Piaget's focus on individual exploration.

Vygotsky's theory emphasizing social interaction and cultural tools in cognition.

The gap between what a learner can do alone and with help from others.

Temporary support that helps learners achieve tasks within their ZPD.

Talking to oneself to aid self-regulation and problem-solving.

Tools like language and symbols that shape cognitive processes.

Vygotsky's idea that learning occurs before cognitive development.

Educators should tailor instructions based on learners' ZPD.