Motivation and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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Questions and Answers

What are the three components of motivation as defined in the content?

Energy, Direction, Enjoyment

Intensity, Focus, Persistence

Drive, Focus, Achievement

Energy, Direction, Persistence (correct)

Which of the following is an example of intrinsically motivated behavior?

Completing tasks to avoid a reprimand

Studying to earn a scholarship

Working overtime for a bonus

Participating in a volunteer activity (correct)

According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which needs must be satisfied first?

Social Needs

Physiological Needs (correct)

Esteem Needs

Self-actualization Needs

Which of the following best describes safety needs in Maslow's Hierarchy?

The need for emotional security and protection Signup and view all the answers

What assumption does Theory Y convey about employees?

Employees are creative and enjoy responsibilities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is characteristic of Theory X?

Employees dislike their work and avoid responsibility Signup and view all the answers

What type of motivation is focused on acquiring rewards or avoiding punishment?

Extrinsic Motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which need is not part of Maslow's Hierarchy?

Psychological needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between goal difficulty and performance when goals are accepted?

Difficult goals lead to higher performance than easy goals. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to an individual's belief in their own capabilities for a task?

Self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of feedback in goal-setting?

To inform individuals about their progress towards goals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes job enrichment?

Adding planning and evaluating responsibilities to a job. Signup and view all the answers

Which core job dimension involves the freedom to determine how work is completed?

Autonomy Signup and view all the answers

What does task significance measure in job characteristics?

The impact of the job on others' lives or work. Signup and view all the answers

Which job design concept focuses on expanding a job horizontally by increasing its scope?

Job enlargement Signup and view all the answers

In the job characteristics model, which dimension relates to using different skills?

Skill variety Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Job Characteristics Model (JCM)?

Enhancing employee motivation through task significance Signup and view all the answers

What does equity theory primarily address?

Comparison of input-outcome ratios among peers Signup and view all the answers

What key component is included in expectancy theory?

Perceived effort-performance linkages Signup and view all the answers

In the context of expectancy theory, what does 'instrumentality' refer to?

The belief that performance will lead to desired rewards Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does the 'valence' component of expectancy theory emphasize?

The attractiveness of the reward to the individual Signup and view all the answers

Which question pertains to the effort-performance linkage in expectancy relationships?

How hard do you have to work to achieve a certain performance level? Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not considered in the expectancy model?

Individual's social skills Signup and view all the answers

How does the Job Characteristics Model suggest employees can be motivated?

By enhancing the meaningfulness of tasks Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation

Motivation is the process of how a person's efforts are directed, energized, and sustained towards a goal.
Energy is the drive, direction is towards organizational goals, and persistence is putting effort into achieving goals.
Intrinsically motivated behavior is performed for its own sake.
Extrinsically motivated behavior is performed to get material or social rewards, or to avoid punishment.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

This is a theory that human needs, which include physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization, are arranged in a hierarchy.
Lower-order needs must be satisfied before higher-order needs can be achieved.

Levels of Needs

Physiological: The need for food, water, shelter, and other physical needs.
Safety: The need for security and protection from harm.
Social: The need for affection, belonging, acceptance, and friendship.
Esteem: The need for internal factors like self-respect and achievement, and external factors like status and recognition.
Self-actualization: The need to become the best version of oneself.

McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

Theory X: Assumes employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, and must be forced to perform.
Theory Y: Assumes that employees are creative, enjoy work, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.

Goal-Setting Theories

Specific goals increase performance.
Difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance.
Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their ability to perform a task.
Goal-setting is a major source of motivation.
Participation in goal-setting is preferred when employees might resist accepting difficult goals.
Feedback on goal progress also increases performance.

Designing Motivating Jobs

Job design: How tasks are combined to create complete jobs.
Job enlargement: Expanding a job horizontally by increasing its scope.
Job enrichment: Expanding a job vertically by adding planning and evaluation responsibilities.
Job Characteristics Model (JCM): A framework for analyzing and designing jobs that identifies five core dimensions: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.

Five Core Job Dimensions

Skill variety: The degree to which a job requires diverse activities and utilizes various skills.
Task identity: The degree to which a job involves completing a whole and identifiable piece of work.
Task significance: The degree to which a job has a substantial impact on others.
Autonomy: The degree to which a job gives freedom and independence to the individual.
Feedback: The degree to which the job provides clear and direct information about the individual's performance.

Equity Theory

Employees compare their job’s input-outcomes ratio to relevant others.
They will try to correct any perceived inequity.

Expectancy Theory

Individuals behave in a certain way based on the expectation that their actions will lead to a desired outcome, and the attractiveness of that outcome.

Expectancy Relationships

Expectancy: The perceived probability that an individual's effort will result in a certain level of performance.
Instrumentality: The perception that a particular level of performance will result in attaining a desired outcome.
Valence: The attractiveness or importance of the performance reward to the individual.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of motivation and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. This quiz covers intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, as well as the levels of human needs from physiological to self-actualization. Test your understanding of these psychological principles and their implications for achieving goals.