Nursing Exam #2 Review

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Questions and Answers

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what must individuals primarily achieve before addressing higher-level needs?

  • Lower-level needs, including physiological and safety needs (correct)
  • Self-actualization through personal growth
  • Esteem needs such as recognition and respect
  • Love and belongingness through social connections

Which category in Maslow's Hierarchy includes the need for security and protection from physical harm?

  • Safety Needs (correct)
  • Esteem Needs
  • Physiological Needs
  • Love and Belongingness

Which of the following best describes 'self-actualization' in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

  • Securing a stable environment and routine
  • Achieving recognition and respect from others
  • Fulfilling one's potential and seeking personal growth (correct)
  • Establishing interpersonal relationships and companionship

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary focus of the phallic stage of psychosexual development?

<p>Focus on genitalia and development of sexual identity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which component of personality operates on the 'reality principle' and mediates between instinctual drives and moral conscience?

<p>Ego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which of Piaget's stages does abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking first emerge?

<p>Formal Operational Stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive development concept, according to Piaget, involves recognizing that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its appearance?

<p>Conservation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept in Piaget's cognitive development theory involves the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation, moving beyond egocentric thought?

<p>Decentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During pregnancy, which bodily system undergoes increased glomerular filtration rate and bladder capacity?

<p>Urinary System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer is responsible for the development of the skin and nervous system?

<p>Ectoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptive maternal changes occurs in the respiratory system during pregnancy?

<p>Diaphragm displacement and nasal congestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mesoderm in the germ layer theory of organ development?

<p>Forming muscles, bones, and the circulatory system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's psychosexual stages, fixation during the anal stage may lead to which type of issues?

<p>Issues with orderliness or messiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Piaget's cognitive development stages is characterized by learning through sensory experiences and manipulating objects?

<p>Sensorimotor Stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the latency stage in Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

<p>Suppressed sexual feelings and focus on social interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of personality, according to Freud, operates on the 'moral principle'?

<p>Superego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for recognizing that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement, according to Piaget?

<p>Conservation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adaptive change in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy?

<p>Increased blood volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer is responsible for forming the gastrointestinal tract and associated organs?

<p>Endoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, what does 'reversibility' refer to in the context of cognitive development?

<p>The understanding that actions can be reversed, leading to a better grasp of sequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which of the following exemplifies a deficiency need?

<p>Esteem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs apply to management practices in a workplace environment?

<p>By understanding employee needs at different levels to enhance motivation and productivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the 'love and belongingness' level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

<p>A person joining a book club to form friendships and social connections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the primary driving force behind human behavior?

<p>Unconscious desires and conflicts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ego, according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

<p>To mediate between the id's desires and the superego's moral standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In psychoanalytic theory, how might unresolved conflicts during the phallic stage manifest in adulthood?

<p>As difficulties with sexual identity and relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, what is the significance of 'reversibility' in cognitive development?

<p>The understanding that actions can be reversed or undone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which of Piaget's stages do children begin to understand conservation, such as recognizing that the amount of liquid remains the same when poured into a different shaped container?

<p>Concrete operational stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'decentration' influence problem-solving during the concrete operational stage?

<p>It enables children to consider multiple aspects of a situation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptive change during pregnancy helps meet the increased oxygen demands of both the mother and the developing fetus?

<p>Diaphragm displacement and nasal congestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant change in the musculoskeletal system during pregnancy that prepares the body for childbirth?

<p>Changes in posture and joint relaxation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the increase in glomerular filtration rate during pregnancy affect the urinary system?

<p>It causes significant changes to accommodate pregnancy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a child is fixated in Freud's oral stage, what behaviors might they exhibit as an adult?

<p>Difficulty with dependency and addiction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the germ layer theory, the circulatory system primarily develops from which layer?

<p>Mesoderm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which of Piaget's stages does a child develop the ability to classify objects based on shared characteristics?

<p>Concrete Operational (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus during Freud's latency stage of psychosexual development?

<p>Suppression of sexual feelings and focus on social skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies self-actualization, according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

<p>Pursuing a passion project that fulfills one's potential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might Freud's work influence modern therapeutic techniques?

<p>By providing groundwork for talk therapy and dream analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, what is 'seriation'?

<p>Arranging objects in a logical order based on a characteristic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Human needs categorized into a five-tier model, often depicted as a pyramid.

Physiological Needs

Basic survival requirements like air, water, food, shelter, sleep, and sex.

Safety Needs

The need for security and protection from physical and emotional harm.

Love and Belongingness

The need for interpersonal relationships, companionship, and social connections.

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Esteem Needs

The need for self-esteem, recognition, and respect from others.

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Self-Actualization

Realization of personal potential, self-fulfillment, and seeking personal growth.

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Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Theory emphasizing the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.

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Id

Instinctual drives.

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Ego

Realistic mediator.

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Superego

Moral conscience.

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Oral Stage

Focus on oral pleasures; fixation can lead to dependency issues.

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Anal Stage

Focus on bowel control; fixation can lead to issues with orderliness or messiness.

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Sensorimotor Stage

Learning through sensory experiences and manipulating objects.

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Preoperational Stage

Development of language and symbolic thinking; egocentric thinking is prevalent.

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Concrete Operational Stage

Logical thinking develops; understanding of conservation and the ability to perform operations on concrete objects.

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Formal Operational Stage

Abstract reasoning and problem-solving abilities emerge; hypothetical thinking is possible.

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Reversibility

Understanding that actions can be reversed, leading to a better grasp of sequences.

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Decentration

The ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation, moving beyond egocentric thought.

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Conservation

Recognizing that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement.

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Cardiovascular System Changes In pregnancy

increased cardiac output and blood volume; heart rate may rise to support fetal development.

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Two Categories of Needs

Deficiency and growth needs within Maslow's Hierarchy.

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Psychosexual Stages

Childhood stages where personality develops through experiences.

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Latency Stage

Sexual feelings are suppressed; focus on social interactions and skills.

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Genital Stage

Mature sexual intimacy, focus on relationships and contribution to society.

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Classification skills

The ability to group objects based on shared characteristics.

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Seriation Ability

Arranging objects in a logical order based on a characteristic.

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Integumentary System changes.

Development of stretch marks and pigmentation changes during pregnancy.

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Respiratory System Changes in Pregnancy

Diaphragm displacement and nasal congestion due to hormonal changes; increased oxygen demand.

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Musculoskeletal System changes.

Changes in posture and joint relaxation to prepare for childbirth; center of gravity shifts.

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Mesoderm Germ Layer

Middle layer responsible for forming muscles, bones, and the circulatory system; essential for structural integrity.

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Ectoderm Germ Layer

Outermost layer forming the skin and nervous system; critical for sensory organ development.

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Phallic Stage

Focus on genitalia; development of sexual identity and relationships.

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Endoderm Germ Layer

Innermost layer developing the gastrointestinal tract and associated organs; vital for nutrient absorption.

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Study Notes

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