Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a primary cause of obstructive atelectasis?
What is a primary cause of obstructive atelectasis?
Which clinical manifestation is not typically associated with chronic atelectasis?
Which clinical manifestation is not typically associated with chronic atelectasis?
Which nursing intervention is essential for preventing atelectasis?
Which nursing intervention is essential for preventing atelectasis?
What diagnostic finding might indicate worsening atelectasis?
What diagnostic finding might indicate worsening atelectasis?
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Which of the following is a goal of atelectasis treatment?
Which of the following is a goal of atelectasis treatment?
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What patient position can help prevent atelectasis?
What patient position can help prevent atelectasis?
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Which of these conditions is a risk factor for developing atelectasis?
Which of these conditions is a risk factor for developing atelectasis?
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What is the primary characteristic of pneumonia?
What is the primary characteristic of pneumonia?
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Which of these nursing actions best aids in lung expansion for patients at risk for atelectasis?
Which of these nursing actions best aids in lung expansion for patients at risk for atelectasis?
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Which complication can arise from untreated acute atelectasis?
Which complication can arise from untreated acute atelectasis?
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What is the primary objective in the treatment of viral pneumonia?
What is the primary objective in the treatment of viral pneumonia?
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Which of the following is a common complication associated with pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common complication associated with pneumonia?
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What does a Mantoux test size of 5 mm indicate in high-risk individuals?
What does a Mantoux test size of 5 mm indicate in high-risk individuals?
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Which of the following nursing diagnoses is appropriate for a patient with pneumonia?
Which of the following nursing diagnoses is appropriate for a patient with pneumonia?
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Which bacterium is the primary infectious agent responsible for pulmonary tuberculosis?
Which bacterium is the primary infectious agent responsible for pulmonary tuberculosis?
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What is the duration of treatment with anti-TB agents recommended for tuberculosis?
What is the duration of treatment with anti-TB agents recommended for tuberculosis?
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What is a key risk factor for tuberculosis transmission?
What is a key risk factor for tuberculosis transmission?
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What is one of the primary focus areas in the nursing management of tuberculosis?
What is one of the primary focus areas in the nursing management of tuberculosis?
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In which of the following situations is the tuberculin skin test NOT significant?
In which of the following situations is the tuberculin skin test NOT significant?
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Which of these is NOT part of the supportive treatment for viral pneumonia?
Which of these is NOT part of the supportive treatment for viral pneumonia?
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What is a common characteristic of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
What is a common characteristic of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
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Which pathogen is commonly associated with Health Care-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)?
Which pathogen is commonly associated with Health Care-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)?
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What sets Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) apart from Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
What sets Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) apart from Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
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Which factor contributes to the risk of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)?
Which factor contributes to the risk of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)?
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What can lead to pneumonia in an immunocompromised host?
What can lead to pneumonia in an immunocompromised host?
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What is a common cause of aspiration pneumonia?
What is a common cause of aspiration pneumonia?
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Which risk factor is associated with penicillin-resistant pneumococci?
Which risk factor is associated with penicillin-resistant pneumococci?
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What common diagnostic finding indicates pneumonia on a chest x-ray?
What common diagnostic finding indicates pneumonia on a chest x-ray?
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What defines clinical stability in a hospitalized patient with pneumonia?
What defines clinical stability in a hospitalized patient with pneumonia?
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What is a critical aspect of medical management for suspected Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)?
What is a critical aspect of medical management for suspected Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)?
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Study Notes
Management of Patients with Respiratory Disorders
- Patients at risk for atelectasis require nursing interventions for prevention and management.
- Pulmonary infections vary by causes, clinical manifestations, nursing management, complications, and prevention strategies.
- Nursing process is essential for care in pneumonia cases.
- Identification of patients at risk for pulmonary tuberculosis is crucial, along with prevention and management interventions.
- Nursing and medical management strategies are important for pleural effusion.
Atelectasis
- Can be acute or chronic; caused by either obstructive (e.g., foreign body, tumor) or nonobstructive factors.
- Contributing factors include altered breathing patterns, retained secretions, pain, prolonged supine positioning, and increased abdominal pressure.
- Clinical signs include dyspnea, cough, sputum production, tachycardia, tachypnea, pleural pain, and central cyanosis (acute).
- Chronic atelectasis may lead to pulmonary infection.
- Physical assessment can reveal increased work of breathing, hypoxemia, decreased breath sounds, and an O2 saturation below 90%.
- Prevention strategies include frequent turning, early mobilization, lung expansion techniques, and secretion management.
- Management goals focus on improving ventilation and secretion removal, utilizing practices like incentive spirometry, deep breathing, and patient education.
- If initial treatments are ineffective, consider PEEP, CPAP, bronchoscopy, or thoracentesis.
Pneumonia
- Defined as an inflammation of lung parenchyma caused by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses).
- Types include community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and aspiration pneumonia.
- CAP commonly caused by S. pneumoniae in individuals under 60 without comorbidities and older adults with them.
- HCAP pathogens are often multidrug-resistant (MDR), requiring prompt antibiotic treatment.
- HAP develops 48 hours post-admission and is influenced by impaired defenses and exposure to bacteria.
- Common pathogens include Enterobacter species, E. coli, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- VAP occurs after 48 hours of mechanical ventilation; incidence increases with duration.
- Aspiration pneumonia results from entry of foreign substances into the airway and is generally bacterial.
Risk Factors and Prevention
- Risk factors for penicillin-resistant pneumococci include age over 65, alcoholism, recent antibiotic use, and immunosuppressive disorders.
- Prevention strategies include maintaining lung health and mitigating risk exposures.
Clinical Manifestations and Assessment
- Manifestations can vary by pneumonia type; common symptoms include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing.
- Assessment includes history of respiratory infections, physical examination, chest X-ray, blood cultures, and sputum examinations.
Medical Management
- Antibiotic therapy is essential, transitioning from IV to oral for hospitalized patients based on clinical stability.
- Criteria for clinical stability include controlled temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation.
- Treatment of viral pneumonia is supportive with hydration, antipyretics, and oxygen therapy.
- Complications from pneumonia can include septic shock, respiratory failure, pleural effusion, and empyema.
Nursing Process for Pneumonia Patients
- Ineffective airway clearance due to secretions is a primary concern.
- Monitor for fatigue, risk of fluid volume deficit, and nutritional imbalances.
- Provide education on treatment and preventive measures.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)
- Primarily affects lung parenchyma; transmitted through airborne pathogens (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
- Risk factors include prior TB exposure and immune-compromising conditions.
- Diagnostic assessments include tuberculin skin tests, chest X-rays, and sputum cultures.
- Positive skin test indications vary by induration size, with significant reactions suggesting prior exposure.
- Medical management involves a 6 to 12-month course of anti-TB agents; multidrug resistance (MDR) is a concern during treatment.
Nursing Management for TB
- Focus on promoting airway clearance, adherence to treatment, activity and nutrition, and preventing transmission.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the management of patients with chest and lower respiratory tract disorders as outlined in Chapter 23. Learn to identify at-risk patients for conditions like atelectasis and pulmonary infections while applying the nursing process for effective care. Enhance your understanding of nursing interventions, complications, and prevention strategies for respiratory issues.
