Management of Chest and Respiratory Disorders

Questions and Answers

Which factor can lead to nonobstructive atelectasis?

Decreased lung expansion (correct)

Prolonged exposure to mechanical ventilation

Foreign bodies in the airway

Tumors compressing lung tissue

What is a common clinical manifestation of acute atelectasis?

Cyanosis (correct)

Chronic cough

Hemoptysis

Low-grade fever

Which type of pneumonia occurs after a patient has been hospitalized for more than 48 hours?

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

Aspiration Pneumonia

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) (correct)

Which nursing intervention is effective in preventing atelectasis?

Early mobilization Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic finding is commonly associated with atelectasis?

Decreased oxygen saturation below 90% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pneumonia is most likely to infect patients with compromised immune systems?

Immunocompromised Host Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with pneumonia?

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using incentive spirometry in patients at risk for atelectasis?

To improve lung expansion Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

Occurs in individuals who have not been hospitalized recently Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is commonly associated with aspiration pneumonia?

Bacteria from the oral cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of pulmonary tuberculosis?

Bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of tuberculosis?

Persistent cough Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is used to manage pleural effusion?

Thoracentesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended length of treatment for tuberculosis with anti-TB agents?

6-12 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant complication associated with pneumonia or respiratory illnesses?

Septic shock Signup and view all the answers

Which test is used to confirm tuberculosis exposure?

Mantoux Skin Test Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for tuberculosis?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibiotics should initially be administered for pneumonia until culture results are available?

Broad-spectrum antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of untreated pleural effusion?

Impaired breathing Signup and view all the answers

What supportive therapy is recommended for pneumonia management?

Hydration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Atelectasis

Refers to the collapse or closure of lung tissue, which can either be acute or chronic.
Nonobstructive causes include decreased lung expansion; obstructive causes may involve foreign bodies, tumors, or compressive forces.
Common contributors: retained secretions, altered breathing patterns, prolonged immobility, certain surgical interventions.
Symptoms of acute atelectasis: dyspnea, tachycardia, pleural pain, cyanosis; chronic manifestations include cough and recurrent pulmonary infections.
Diagnostic evaluations show decreased breath sounds, hypoxemia, and O2 saturation below 90%; chest x-ray confirms diagnosis.
Prevention strategies: frequent turning, early mobilization, and the use of incentive spirometry (ICOUGHSM Program).
Management may involve improving ventilation and secreting removal; advanced cases could necessitate CPAP or bronchoscopy.

Pneumonia

Inflammation of lung parenchyma due to infections, which can be bacterial, viral, or fungal.
Classifications include:
- Community-Acquired (CAP): Occurs outside of hospitals or within 48 hours of admission.
- Health Care-Associated (HCAP): Linked to multidrug-resistant organisms, which complicate treatment.
- Hospital-Acquired (HAP): Develops 48 hours post-admission; linked to prolonged hospitalization.
- Ventilator-Associated (VAP): Associated with mechanical ventilation usage.
- Immunocompromised Host: Affects patients with weakened immune systems due to conditions like corticosteroid use.
- Aspiration Pneumonia: Results from the entry of substances into lower airways, often bacterial in origin.
Clinical signs: fever, cough, dyspnea, chest pain can vary based on specific pneumonia type.
Diagnostic assessments: sputum samples collected post-deep cough, along with chest x-rays and blood cultures.
Medical management: initial broad-spectrum antibiotics, adjustment based on sputum culture results, plus supportive therapies like hydration and oxygen therapy.
Possible complications include septic shock, respiratory failure, pleural effusion, and empyema.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)

A chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting lung tissue.
Transmission occurs through airborne droplets from infected individuals; risk factors include immunosuppression, malnutrition, and crowded environments.
Common symptoms: persistent cough, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue.
Diagnostic tools: Mantoux skin test to check for TB exposure, with confirmation via chest x-ray, sputum culture, and drug susceptibility testing.
Treatment regimen involves anti-TB medications for 6-12 months, with drug resistance being a critical concern.
Prophylactic measures include isoniazid for high-risk individuals.
Nursing responsibilities encompass promoting treatment adherence, ensuring airway clearance, and preventing transmission.

Pleural Effusion

Characterized by fluid accumulation between pleurae, potentially impairing respiratory function.
Medical management options include thoracentesis for fluid drainage and chest tubes for ongoing effusions.

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Description

This quiz focuses on Chapter 23 of the nursing curriculum, emphasizing the management of patients with chest and lower respiratory tract disorders. Key topics include prevention and management of atelectasis, pulmonary infections, and nursing care for pneumonia and tuberculosis. Test your knowledge on nursing interventions and care strategies.