Management Chapter 12 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.

motivation

Which are principal perspectives on motivation? (Select all that apply)

Competition

Job design (correct)

Reinforcement (correct)

Process (correct)

Content (correct)

What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives? (Select all that apply)

Herzberg's two-factor theory (correct)

Vroom's expectancy theory

McClelland's acquired needs theory (correct)

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory (correct)

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ______ theory.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs Signup and view all the answers

The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.

McClelland's acquired needs theory Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about motivation are true? (Select all that apply)

Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation. Signup and view all the answers

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory.

self-determination Signup and view all the answers

Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and ______.

job design Signup and view all the answers

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.

needs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? (Select all that apply)

Esteem Signup and view all the answers

Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives? (Select all that apply)

Expectancy theory Signup and view all the answers

What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?

Expectancy Signup and view all the answers

Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?

Herzberg's two-factor theory Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?

Goal-setting theory Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation? (Select all that apply)

Effort to performance Signup and view all the answers

What does the technique called scientific management seek to do?

Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs Signup and view all the answers

Which are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory? (Select all that apply)

Challenging Signup and view all the answers

Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ______.

design Signup and view all the answers

Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.

management Signup and view all the answers

What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people? (Select all that apply)

Job enlargement Signup and view all the answers

The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas?

Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety. Employees are underutilized. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?

Job characteristics model Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model?

Work outcomes, psychological states, core job characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should ______.

give rewards as soon as possible Signup and view all the answers

The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.

modification Signup and view all the answers

Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as ______.

reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans? (Select all that apply)

They link rewards to performance. Signup and view all the answers

Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement? (Select all that apply)

Be clear about what behavior is desired. Signup and view all the answers

What are three types of learning opportunities? (Select all that apply)

Learning and development Signup and view all the answers

One survey found that about half of U.S. adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant ______.

working at a job they found meaningful Signup and view all the answers

Which types of reinforcement are intended to weaken a behavior? (Select all that apply)

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.

human capital Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in developing career readiness?

Identify your most important long-term goal. Signup and view all the answers

After breaking your long-term goal into several short-term goals, what is the next step in developing career readiness?

Create a to-do list for accomplishing short-term goals. Signup and view all the answers

Why should you break your most important long-term goal into many short-term goals?

You are more likely to achieve a long-term goal if you break it down into smaller goals. Signup and view all the answers

After the creation of a 'to-do' list for accomplishing short-term goals, what is the next step in developing career readiness?

Prioritize the tasks you need to complete to reach your goal. Signup and view all the answers

After tasks on a to-do list are prioritized, what is the next step in developing career readiness?

Create a time schedule for reaching your long-term goal. Signup and view all the answers

Your to-do list for achieving short-term goals should identify the ______.

daily tasks you need to complete Signup and view all the answers

When prioritizing the tasks you need to complete to reach your career goals, you should ______.

Order them from low importance to high importance. Signup and view all the answers

After creating a time schedule for accomplishing tasks and goals, what is the next step in developing career readiness?

Work the plan, give yourself rewards when appropriate, and make needed adjustments. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation and Theories

Motivation is defined as the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-oriented behavior.
Principal perspectives on motivation include content, process, reinforcement, and job design.
Content perspectives focus on the content of people's needs, such as Herzberg's two-factor theory, McClelland's acquired needs theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Theories of Motivation

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory categorizes needs into five levels: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.
McClelland's acquired needs theory identifies three major motives in the workplace: achievement, affiliation, and power.
Self-determination theory posits that well-being is influenced by the innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

Motivation Statements

Motivation can be inferred from behavior and is shaped by various contextual and personal factors.
Process perspectives explain how thought processes influence motivations and actions.

Strategies for Motivation

Job design involves fitting jobs to people and enhancing employee satisfaction through enriched and enlarged job roles.
The goal-setting theory suggests that specific, challenging, yet achievable objectives motivate employees effectively.

Behavior Reinforcement

Key concepts of reinforcement: positive reinforcement strengthens behavior; negative reinforcement does so by removing negative stimuli; extinction weakens behavior by ignoring it; punishment does so by applying negative consequences.
Equity theory focuses on fairness in reward distribution and how it impacts employee motivation.

Job Characteristics Model

The job characteristics model emphasizes five core job characteristics that influence psychological states, ultimately affecting work outcomes.
Effective job design increases employee motivation by aligning job responsibilities with individual strengths and interests.

Career Readiness Development

Career readiness begins with identifying your most important long-term goal, followed by breaking it down into short-term goals.
A systematic approach includes creating to-do lists, prioritizing tasks based on importance, and establishing schedules for achieving goals.
Rewards and adjustments in your plan are essential for maintaining motivation and tracking progress.

Learning Opportunities

Three types of learning opportunities that enhance skills include formal learning and development programs, peer learning through studying co-workers, and tuition reimbursement benefits.

Importance of Experience

Human capital refers to the economic value of employee skills, knowledge, and experience, which is crucial for organizational success.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts of motivation from Management Chapter 12. This quiz features essential terms and theories that are fundamental to understanding motivational processes in management. Challenge yourself and enhance your learning with these flashcards.