Malaria and Neurocysticercosis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum?

Malignant Tertian Malaria (correct)

Benign Tertian Malaria

Quartian Malaria

Ovale Malaria

How often does fever occur in P.falciparum infections?

Every 72 hours

Every 36 hours

Every 48 hours (correct)

Every 24 hours

Which species of Plasmodium is the most widely disseminated worldwide?

P.falciparum

P.vivax (correct)

P.oval

P.malariae

What condition can occur rarely with P.falciparum infection?

Nephrotic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the main vector for malaria transmission?

Anopheles mosquito Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of P.vivax infections in relation to liver development?

Can cause relapses years later Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is conferred by Duffy negative inheritance?

Immunity from P.vivax Signup and view all the answers

Which P.falciparum symptom is often the most severe?

Cerebral symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of exoerythrocytic development for Malaria species?

It leads to recurrent symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the infective stage of Schistosomiasis?

Cercaria Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of S. stercoralis allows it to produce eggs asexually?

Parthenogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which lab exam is most commonly used for the diagnosis of Babesia?

Blood smear Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic stage of Filariasis?

Microfilaria Signup and view all the answers

What structure in a blood smear indicates the presence of Babesia infection?

Maltese crosses Signup and view all the answers

What process allows freshwater cercariae to penetrate human skin?

Proteolytic enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which structure do Schistosoma ova appear as in the liver?

Calcified ovoid structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of egg production by female Schistosoma?

Development of granulomas and fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chronic filariasis?

Massive edema and elephantiasis Signup and view all the answers

Which mosquito species is a vector for Wuchereria bancrofti?

Culex Signup and view all the answers

What pathological feature is observed in the liver due to Schistosoma infection?

Widespread fibrosis and portal enlargement Signup and view all the answers

What manifests at the site of cercariae penetration in the skin?

Schistosoma dermatitis Signup and view all the answers

What can occur frequently in chronic filariasis aside from leg edema?

Hydrocele Signup and view all the answers

The granulomas formed around Schistosoma eggs are associated with which condition?

Inflammatory patches in the colon Signup and view all the answers

Which filarial agent is specifically associated with lymphatic filariasis?

Brugia malayi Signup and view all the answers

What is a visible characteristic of the liver surface in Schistosoma infection?

Bumpy texture Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiologic agent of river blindness?

Onchocerca volvulus Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is responsible for the transmission of river blindness?

Black flies (Simulium) Signup and view all the answers

Where do adult Onchocerca volvulus reside in the human body?

Subcutaneous nodules Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the development of sclerosing keratitis in river blindness?

Microfilariae accumulation in eye chambers Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from chronic infection with Onchocerca volvulus?

Leopard skin appearance Signup and view all the answers

What is a major pathologic process resulting from Onchocerca volvulus infection?

Release of microfilariae into the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom indicates the involvement of the cornea in river blindness?

Corneal opacities Signup and view all the answers

What are the external signs of infection with Onchocerca volvulus known as?

Leopard and lizard skin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the major pathologic findings of the infection?

Epidermal atrophy and elastic fiber breakdown Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely consequence of microfilariae involvement in the choroid and retina?

Loss of vision Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiologic agent of hydatid disease?

Echinococcus granulosus Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is the definitive host for Echinococcus granulosus?

Dogs Signup and view all the answers

How are humans primarily infected by Echinococcus granulosus?

Ingestion of contaminated food Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the cysticercus cyst wall?

More than 100 μm thick Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the cysts of Echinococcus granulosus degenerate?

Inflammation followed by scarring and calcification Signup and view all the answers

Which intermediate host is primarily associated with Echinococcus granulosus?

Sheep Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily involved in the inflammatory reaction caused by hydatid disease?

Mononuclear leukocytes and eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

What size can the cysts of Echinococcus granulosus reach within five years?

Up to 10 cm Signup and view all the answers

What is found within the hydatid cyst that distinguishes its inner structure?

An inner nucleated germinative cell layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary host response to intact cysts of Echinococcus granulosus?

Little host reaction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plasmodium falciparum

Causes severe anemia, cerebral symptoms, renal failure, pulmonary edema
Death is a possible outcome
Nephrotic syndrome is rare

Plasmodium vivax

Most common malaria infection globally
Found in tropical and temperate zones
Most common in the Philippines, along with P. falciparum
Repeated exoerythrocytic development in the liver
Can cause relapses years after the initial infection due to renewed exoerythrocytic and erythrocytic schizogony
Latent hepatic sporozoites are called hypnozoites
Infect young erythrocytes (reticulocytes)
Duffy negative inheritance confers immunity from P. vivax infection

Neurocysticercosis

Etiologic agent: Taenia solium
Cysts are ovoid and white to opalescent
Contain an invaginated scolex with hooklets bathed in clear cyst fluid
Cysticercus cyst wall is over 100 μm thick, rich in glycoproteins, and evokes little host reaction when intact
When cysts degenerate, there is inflammation followed by focal scarring and calcifications

Hydatid Disease

Etiologic agent: Echinococcus granulosus
Definitive host: dogs
Intermediate host: sheep (usual), humans (accidental)
Humans are accidental intermediate hosts, infected by ingesting food contaminated with ova from dogs or foxes
Ingestion of Echinococcus ova hatch in the duodenum and invade the liver, lungs, and bones
Lodge within capillaries and incite inflammation with mononuclear leukocytes and eosinophils
Most larvae are destroyed, but some encyst
Cysts grow progressively in size, reaching up to 10 cm in 5 years
Contains an inner germinative cell layer and an outer opaque, non-nucleated layer, both located within an opalescent fluid

Schistosoma

Migrate into the peripheral vasculature
Travel to the lungs and heart
Mature and mate in hepatic vessels
Migrate out as male-female worm pairs
Settle in the portal or pelvic venous system
Females produce eggs per day, which trigger granuloma and fibrosis formation

Schistosoma ova in the liver

Appear as calcified ovoid structures
Inflammatory patches or pseudopolyps form in the colon
The liver surface is bumpy, cut surfaces reveal granulomas, widespread fibrosis, and portal enlargement

Schistosoma Dermatitis

Schistosoma dermatitis: cercariae penetration in the skin

Lymphatic filariasis

Etiologic agents: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi
Mosquito vector of W. bancrofti: Culex, Anopheles, Mansonia, Coquillettidia
Chronic filariasis is characterized by persistent lymphedema of the extremities, scrotum, penis, or vulva
Hydrocele and lymph node enlargement are frequent

Onchocerciasis

Etiologic agent: Onchocerca volvulus
Also known as River Blindness
Due to occurrence of blindness near the river where black flies proliferate
Transmitted by black flies (Simulium)
Adults live in subcutaneous nodules
Microfilariae live in skin tissues
Adult O. volvulus mate in the dermis, surrounded by mixed infiltrate of host cells that produces a subcutaneous nodule called onchocercoma
The major pathological process is the release of large amounts of microfilariae by females into the skin and eye chambers
Foci of epidermal atrophy and elastic fiber breakdown may alternate with areas of hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation with pigment incontinence, dermal atrophy, and fibrosis
Causes punctate keratitis or small, fluffy corneal opacities
Can cause sclerosing keratitis which opacifies cornea
Also causes iridocyclotis, glaucoma, atrophy, and vision loss

Leopard, Lizard, or Elephant Skin

Chronic, itchy dermatitis with focal darkening or loss of pigment and scaling

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Description

Test your knowledge on the pathogenic impacts of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, as well as details regarding Neurocysticercosis caused by Taenia solium. This quiz covers the symptoms, transmission, and evolution of these diseases and their respective agents. Perfect for students and professionals in the medical field.