Main Theorists in Anthropology and Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Karl Marx's theories focus on class ______ and its role in social evolution.

conflict

Dorothy Smith argues that women are alienated from their ______.

experiences

In anthropology, cultural anthropology examines contemporary ______.

societies

Psychoanalysis unlocks the unconscious mind, which is key to understanding human ______.

<p>behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behaviourism focuses on understanding and changing human behaviour through ______.

<p>experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Australopithecus is a genus of early hominids that existed in Africa during the Pliocene and Early ______.

<p>Pleistocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homo Habilis is often referred to as the ______ due to its use of tools.

<p>Handyman</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of behavior, biology, evolution, and taxonomy of nonhuman primates is known as ______.

<p>Primatology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethnology involves the study and comparison of past and contemporary ______.

<p>cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ of Passage is a ceremonial event that marks the transition from one social or religious status to another.

<p>Rite</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural ______ is the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others.

<p>Ethnocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Theory suggests that every belief in a culture serves to meet the needs of individuals within that culture.

<p>Functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Edith Experiment was created by ______ to see if the right environment could create a genius.

<p>Aaron Stern</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxana Malaya was a Feral child who was raised by ______.

<p>animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genie Wiley is an example of an Isolate child demonstrating the negative impacts of having no or negative agents of ______.

<p>socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Stanford prison experiment raised ethical concerns regarding the treatment of ______.

<p>participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Theory of Evolution studies human biology, particularly the origins, diversity, and adaptations of modern ______.

<p>people</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Charles Darwin, individual variations can be ______ among any population.

<p>inherited</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is designed to weaken or eliminate a behaviour rather than increase it: ______

<p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Populations produce more offspring than the environment can ______, yet populations remain stable.

<p>support</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural Selection is influenced by environmental factors that determine how well particular traits serve in ______ and reproduction.

<p>survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called a ______

<p>Conditioned Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

A stimulus that does not require any conditioning for desired behaviour is known as a ______

<p>Neutral Stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The passing on of 'favourable variations' leads to gradual population ______.

<p>evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Something that naturally triggers an automatic response is referred to as an ______

<p>Unconditioned Stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tendency to give similar conditioned responses to both the conditioned stimulus and other resembling stimuli is called ______

<p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive psychology studies how the brain learns best and considers mental states such as beliefs, motivations, and ______

<p>desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learning that occurs by observing behaviour and its consequences is associated with ______ learning theory

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Bobo the Clown Experiment, children who saw adults rewarded for aggressive behaviour imitated ______

<p>violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interaction of cognition, behaviour, and environment is described by the concept of ______ determinism

<p>reciprocal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Conflict Theory (Marx)

A sociological theory that suggests competition for power and wealth drives social change, with the wealthy class hindering the poor's economic advancement.

Feminist Sociology (Smith)

A theory arguing that women's experiences are often undervalued or ignored, leading to alienation from their own lives.

Symbolic Interactionism (Weber)

A perspective that focuses on how individuals interpret and interact with the world through symbols and meanings, emphasizing social interactions.

Physical Anthropology

A branch of anthropology that studies the biological aspects of human evolution, physical traits, and adaptations.

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Cultural Anthropology

A branch of anthropology that examines cultural diversity, beliefs, customs, and practices of different societies throughout the world.

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Australopithecus

A genus of early hominids that lived in Africa during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene.

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Australopithecus Boisei

A species of early hominid that lived in East Africa around 2 million years ago.

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Homo Habilis

An early hominid known as the 'handyman' who lived in East and South Africa from 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago.

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Homo Ergaster

An early hominid known as the 'working man' who lived in Africa from 1.7 to 1.4 million years ago.

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Homo Erectus

An early hominid that lived in bamboo forests from 1.7 to 1.4 million years ago.

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Homo Heidelbergensis

An early hominid that lived 600,000 years ago in Africa and Europe. They were up to 6 feet tall and may have used herbs for medicinal purposes.

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Primatology

The study of non-human primates including their behavior, biology, evolution, and classification.

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Extinction

A learning process that weakens or eliminates a behavior by ceasing to reinforce it.

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Conditioned Stimulus

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a specific response over time, eventually triggering that response on its own.

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Conditioned Response

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

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Neutral Stimulus

A stimulus that doesn't trigger any specific response before conditioning.

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Unconditioned Stimulus

Something that naturally triggers a response without any prior learning.

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Unconditioned Response

A natural, automatic response triggered by an unconditioned stimulus.

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Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond similarly to both the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli resembling it.

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Cognitive Psychology

The study of how the brain learns best, considering mental states like beliefs, motivations, and desires.

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Social learning theory

Learning happens in a social context through observation and the consequences of those behaviors.

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Theory of Evolution

The study of human biology, focusing on origins, diversity, and adaptations of modern humans and our ancestors.

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Natural Selection

A process where environmental factors determine which traits are most beneficial for survival and reproduction.

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Isolate Child

A child raised in isolation, often with limited social interaction or language exposure.

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Feral Child

A child raised by animals with minimal human interaction, leading to significant developmental differences.

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Socialization

The way individuals learn social norms, values, and behaviors, primarily through interactions with families, peers, and institutions.

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Sociology

The study of human societies, cultures, and social interactions.

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Stanford Prison Experiment

An experiment conducted to study the psychological effects of power, authority, and social roles.

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The Edith Experiment

An experiment designed to investigate whether a stimulating environment could create exceptional intelligence in a child.

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Anthropology

The study of human societies and their cultures, focusing on understanding human behavior.

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Study Notes

Main Theorists and Discoveries

  • Anthropology Theorists:
    • Margaret Mead (cultural)
    • Dian Fossey (Primatology)
    • Jane Goodall (Primatology)
    • Donald Johanson (Paleoanthropology)
    • Charles Darwin (Paleoanthropology)
    • Raymond Dart (Paleoanthropology)
  • Psychology Theorists:
    • Ivan Pavlov (Classical Conditioning, Behaviourism): Investigated salivation in dogs, noticing salivation in response to the researcher's presence alone, not just food.
    • B.F. Skinner (Operant Conditioning, Behaviourism): Studied observable behaviours, using rats and pigeons to demonstrate how rewards and punishments influence behavior.
    • Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis): Believed unintentional errors (Freudian slips) revealed subconscious feelings and that early childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind.
    • Karen Horney (Psychoanalysis): A Neo-Freudian who modified Freud's theory, emphasizing social and cultural aspects of personality.

Additional Information

  • Sigmund Freud's perspective: All human behavior is influenced by early childhood experiences.
  • Freud's Freudian Slip example: Calling a new love interest by an ex's name symbolizes unresolved feelings.
  • Personality: Personality is not solely influenced by conflicts in childhood; women's roles in society significantly impacted their personalities.
  • Conflicts: Feeling unsafe, unloved, or undervalued in society influence the development of internal conflict.
  • Carl Jung: Believed that a balance between the personal and collective unconsciouses allow humans to reach their full potential.
  • The "Psyche": The unconscious mind is comprised of a personal and collective unconscious.
  • Archetypes: Universal symbols that periodically reappear throughout cultures and times (models of people, behaviours, and personalities, such as mother, father).
  • Jung's Analytical Psychology: People must balance their conscious and unconscious thoughts/feelings to reach their full potential.
  • Erich Fromm: Modern society negatively impacts a person's psychological state.
  • Abraham Maslow (Humanism): People are driven by basic psychological needs. Once met, they are driven by social needs.
  • Emile Durkheim (Structural functionalism): Formally established sociology as a discipline, studying the factors that unite and drive people in society.
  • Talcott Parsons (Structural functionalism): Society and its behaviors are driven by the strong desire for people to cooperate and cooperate; even though individuals pursue their own interests, there is still a strong drive to cooperate.
  • Karl Marx (Conflict Theory): Society's structure and social evolution is driven by competition for power.
  • Karl Rogers (Humanism): Believed in the innate goodness of people.
  • Albert Bandura (Cognitive): Focuses on people's desires and motivations.
  • Elizabeth Loftus (Cognitive): Focused on memory construction and how this impacts development.

Introduction to Social Sciences

  • Anthropology:

    • Systematic study of humans and human cultures.
    • Four subdisciplines: Cultural, Physical, Linguistics, and Archaeology.

  • Physical Anthropology: Primarily concerned with human biological origins.

  • Cultural Anthropology: Studies contemporary cultures.

  • Psychology: The science of human behavior and mental processes.

  • Two major branches of Psychology are Theoretical and Clinical.

  • Theoretical Psychology: Analyzing the general rules of human behaviors and thoughts.

  • Clinical Psychology: Focused on emotional difficulties.

Sociology

  • Sociology: Scientific study of human societies and social behavior.
  • Sociology focus: How institutions like school, prisons, healthcare influence human lives.
  • Human Behavior: How individuals are affected by society, including family environment, trauma, bereavement, etc...

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Description

Test your knowledge on key theorists and their discoveries in anthropology and psychology. This quiz covers influential figures like Margaret Mead, Charles Darwin, Ivan Pavlov, and Sigmund Freud, as well as their major contributions to their respective fields.

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