Anthropology and Psychology Theorists
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Questions and Answers

Which concept emphasizes the importance of evaluating cultural practices within their original context?

  • Ethnocentrism
  • Cultural Relativism (correct)
  • Cultural Materialism
  • Functional Theory

Which theoretical perspective posits that all aspects of a culture contribute to meeting the needs of individuals within that culture?

  • Ethnocentrism
  • Functional Theory (correct)
  • Cultural Materialism
  • Feminist Theory

A culture experiencing a change in food production which in turn leads to new social structures would best represent the principles of:

  • Universal Functions
  • Functional Unity (correct)
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Cultural Relativism

Considering climate's impact on the development of a specific culture best aligns with which perspective?

<p>Cultural Materialism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is characterized by the belief that an individual's culture is superior to all others?

<p>Ethnocentrism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of psychology focuses on understanding and changing behavior through scientific experimentation?

<p>Behaviorism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach emphasizes unlocking the unconscious mind to understand behavior?

<p>Psychoanalysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary focus of theoretical psychology?

<p>Studying emotions and addressing psychological issues in individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of psychology emphasizes a patient's active involvement in their recovery?

<p>Humanistic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive psychology primarily study?

<p>How the brain learns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sociology primarily study?

<p>Human societies and social behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question is most closely aligned with sociological inquiry?

<p>How does education differ across countries? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these questions would a psychologist be most likely to ask?

<p>How are we conditioned to react in situations? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary conclusion drawn from the Oxana Malaya case study?

<p>Socialization plays a crucial role in shaping human behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Jim Twins case study primarily provides evidence for which concept in human development?

<p>The significant role of nature in influencing human traits and behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social science ethical concern is most associated with the Stanford Prison Experiment?

<p>The possible negative psychological and emotional impact on participants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core belief in the theory of evolution, as it pertains to anthropology?

<p>Humans gradually changed from animal life forms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Edith Experiment aim to demonstrate regarding human development?

<p>The potential of the correct environment to cultivate genius. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to humanistic psychology, what is the primary cause of mental and social problems?

<p>Deviations from one's natural tendency towards goodness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist developed the Hierarchy of Needs theory?

<p>Abraham Maslow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Logotherapy?

<p>Helping the patient uncover the purpose and meaning of their life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is NOT essential for personal growth?

<p>Social Status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sociological perspective views society as stable when its institutions effectively meet the needs of its citizens?

<p>Structural Functionalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central concept of the Conflict Theory?

<p>The competition for power due to social and economic inequalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying idea of Symbolic Interactionism?

<p>How an individual's perspective and interactions shape society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does conformity refer to in a social setting?

<p>Changing one's views to align with group norms or acceptance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines social roles?

<p>Specific functions individuals are expected to perform within a society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are norms regarding behavior primarily intended to do?

<p>To govern the appropriate behavior of members of a society or group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinguisher of overt discrimination compared to systemic discrimination?

<p>Overt discrimination involves intentional and noticeable actions, whereas systemic is subtle and unintentional. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that discriminatory behavior is acquired through observation and experience, not an innate human trait?

<p>Learned Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone believes their opportunities are being taken away by other groups, which theory of discrimination does this align to?

<p>Competition Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the aggression theory, which of the following accurately describes the concept of a 'scapegoat'?

<p>A specific individual or group that is blamed for others difficulties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided context what is 'socialization'?

<p>The process of learning specific skills and social norms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered the primary agent of socialization?

<p>The family (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a core belief of cognitive psychology?

<p>Mental states such as beliefs and motivations play a key role in understanding behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to therapy focuses on resolving conflicts between conscious and unconscious feelings?

<p>Psychoanalytic therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Jung's analytical psychology, what constitutes the unconscious mind?

<p>A combination of personal experiences and inherited collective experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Karen Horney's main criticism of Freud's theory?

<p>She argued that personality is mainly shaped by social and cultural factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which core concept is essential to conflict theory?

<p>The competition between groups for power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of conflict theory in relation to the economic system?

<p>The imbalance and conflict between the wealthy and the poor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to learning theory, how is discriminatory behavior acquired?

<p>It is learned through observation and imitation of others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does conflict theory explain the feeling of powerlessness among the poor?

<p>Through institutions that alienate and suppress the poor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?

<p>Understanding individual growth and self-actualization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of motivation according to the provided content?

<p>A state that directs and maintains behavior towards fulfilling needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning emphasizes the role of reinforcement and consequences in behavior?

<p>Operant conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do humanistic psychologists view the nature of individuals?

<p>As inherently good with potential for growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the first priority in the hierarchy of needs according to humanistic psychology?

<p>Biological needs for food and safety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes clinical psychology from theoretical psychology?

<p>Examination of emotions and psychological problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of psychology is primarily concerned with scientifically proven interventions to change behavior?

<p>Behaviourism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of sociology focuses on the relationships formed within social structures?

<p>The study of individuals' relationships to social categories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of cognitive psychology?

<p>Studying how the brain learns and processes information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which big question aligns with the principles of psychology regarding human behavior?

<p>What motivates humans to form social bonds? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study of psychoanalysis primarily aim to achieve?

<p>Resolve conflicts between conscious and unconscious feelings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question would most likely be of interest to a sociologist?

<p>What determines the impact of media on public opinion? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of humanistic psychology during treatment?

<p>Patient involvement and qualitative recovery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does bipedalism refer to in human evolution?

<p>The movement involving locomotion on two feet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation that Frankl believes drives humans?

<p>Search for meaning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following early hominids is known as 'handyman' due to their use of tools?

<p>Homo Habilis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements does Carl Rogers believe is essential for a person to achieve personal growth?

<p>Empathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does melanin serve in human skin?

<p>A pigment that protects against UV radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Hierarchy of Needs Theory propose about human needs?

<p>Basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory focuses on the competition between different social groups for power and resources?

<p>Conflict Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cultural materialists argue is more influential in determining cultural behavior?

<p>Materials and conditions in the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of anthropology focuses on the relationships between people based on ancestry or marriage?

<p>Kinship studies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the concept of 'conformity' play in social behavior?

<p>It promotes strict adherence to norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to a ceremonial event marking the transition from one social status to another?

<p>Rites of passage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of feminist anthropology?

<p>Comparing the contributions of women across cultures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do postmodernists believe about the nature of truth?

<p>Truth is only an individual perspective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which early hominid is believed to have lived up to 600,000 years ago and used herbs for medicinal purposes?

<p>Homo Heidelbergensis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of feminist sociology?

<p>Examining gender inequality and power dynamics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of abnormal socialization?

<p>Experience of child abuse or isolation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ethnology investigate in the field of cultural anthropology?

<p>Comparative analysis of cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT emphasized by social learning theory?

<p>An immediate change in behavior post-learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is aligned with cultural unity?

<p>Parts of a culture are interdependent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of logotherapy in psychological treatment?

<p>To help patients find meaning in their lives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes societal norms relating to behaviors deemed acceptable based on perceived sex?

<p>Gender roles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to behavioralism, what is essential for understanding and altering human behavior?

<p>Evidential findings from experimentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural materialists perceive the development of culture?

<p>As trial and error guided by material needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cultural relativism is most important in postmodernist anthropology?

<p>The belief that culture shapes reality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Carl Jung's concept of the collective unconscious refer to?

<p>Shared memories from ancestors across all humanity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory emphasizes the importance of social and cultural aspects in personality development?

<p>Karen Horney's Psychoanalysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

<p>Emphasizes the development of self-actualization over immediate survival needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

<p>The significance of early childhood experiences on the unconscious mind. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theorists is associated with the concept of 'operant conditioning'?

<p>B.F. Skinner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which archetype is represented by the symbol of a 'Hero' according to Jungian psychology?

<p>Courageous champion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is known for studying salivation in dogs and identifying classical conditioning?

<p>Ivan Pavlov (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'womb envy' as proposed by Karen Horney?

<p>A feeling men have about their inability to bear children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of logotherapy according to Viktor Frankl?

<p>Finding meaning in life as a motivational force. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is central to Jung's analytical psychology?

<p>The balance between opposing inner tendencies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a key distinction between the approaches of B.F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud?

<p>Skinner concentrated on the impact of rewards and punishments, while Freud explored the influence of early sexual conflicts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Karen Horney's modification of Freudian theory most significantly shift the focus in understanding personality development?

<p>By highlighting social and cultural factors, rather than sexual conflicts, as primary drivers of personality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Carl Jung's concepts is best illustrated by recurring symbolic figures, such as the 'hero' or 'trickster', found across various cultures and mythologies?

<p>Archetypes within the Collective Unconscious (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which scenario exemplifies self-actualization?

<p>An individual dedicates their life to creative pursuits and maximizing their personal potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios most accurately demonstrates Viktor Frankl's concept of 'search for meaning' as the main motivational force?

<p>A person who finds and dedicates their efforts to something beyond themselves during a period of great suffering. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the core difference in research methodology between Donald Johanson and Jane Goodall?

<p>Johanson’s relied on the analysis of fossil remains while Goodall is known for longitudinal studies and observation of living primates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Jung's concept of 'balancing opposite tendencies' within an individual's psyche relate to the pursuit of full potential?

<p>By acknowledging, integrating, and harmonizing contradictory traits and drives, allowing a more complete expression of ourselves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best encapsulates the relationship between 'survival of the fittest' and 'natural selection'?

<p>Natural selection is the mechanism through which survival of the fittest operates, influencing which traits persist in a population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a functionalist perspective explain the role of rituals within a culture?

<p>Rituals are social behaviors that have a specific function within the broader culture, meeting both individual and communal needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most direct contradiction between 'ethnocentrism' and 'cultural relativism'?

<p>Ethnocentrism emphasizes judging all cultures based upon the standards of a single culture, while cultural relativism asserts that understanding a culture can only be achieved within its own context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the context of Functional Theory, what is meant by the interdependence of cultural institutions?

<p>Changes in one institution will tend to affect the workings and potential success of others in any given culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Darwin's principles, which of the following is NOT a prerequisite for natural selection to occur within a population?

<p>Variations within the population must be acquired during the individual's lifetime, rather than being inherited. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In social learning theory, what is the most accurate description of the interaction between cognition, behavior, and environment?

<p>They interact reciprocally, each influencing and being influenced by the others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is the key distinction between the conscious and unconscious mind?

<p>The conscious mind processes information we are aware of, and the unconscious does so without our awareness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Bobo the Clown experiment primarily demonstrate?

<p>Observation alone can influence behavior, and reinforcement can increase the chance of the behavior being displayed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what is the main objective of psychoanalysis?

<p>To understand and resolve unconscious conflicts and feelings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the 'ID' in psychoanalytic theory?

<p>To operate on the pleasure principle and represent the instinctual part of the mind. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critical aspect of social learning theory's view on learning?

<p>Learning is primarily a cognitive process that can happen in a social setting through observation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the concept of 'reciprocal determinism' in social learning theory?

<p>Cognition, behavior, and environment mutually influence each other in a continuous cycle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In psychoanalytic theory, how are unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories classified?

<p>As components of the unconscious mind, outside of immediate awareness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key finding from the Bobo the Clown experiment, regarding the role of observing consequences?

<p>Children who observed adults being punished for aggression showed less imitative behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the id, ego, and superego?

<p>The ego attempts to satisfy the id's desires while adhering to the superego's constraints. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves unconsciously replacing unwanted impulses with their opposite?

<p>Reaction Formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person who directs their frustration at a colleague after being criticized by their boss is exhibiting which defense mechanism?

<p>Displacement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a core tenet of humanistic psychology?

<p>Individuals have the capacity for self-actualization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a defense mechanism according to the provided content?

<p>Inhibition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of defense mechanisms, what distinguishes repression from denial?

<p>Repression excludes unacceptable desires from consciousness, whereas denial involves refusing to acknowledge a painful reality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student dealing with academic stress by having a temper tantrum best exemplifies which defense mechanism?

<p>Regression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism involves channeling unacceptable urges into a more productive activity?

<p>Sublimation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the humanistic approach to therapy?

<p>Facilitating the patient's own journey toward growth and self-actualization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does humanistic psychology view the concept of free will?

<p>Free will is an important factor, people have agency and choices that affect their development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'meritocracy' in relation to social class?

<p>A social system that gives opportunities based primarily on ability and skills rather than wealth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key outcome of 'social stratification' as it relates to the distribution of societal resources?

<p>It results in social inequality due to some groups having more access to desirable resources and occupations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates 'social inequality'?

<p>Where certain social groups have easier access to community resources, while others face difficulty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Bobo doll experiment, what was the main finding regarding the children's behavior after witnessing aggression?

<p>Most children, especially boys, replicated the aggressive actions they had seen exhibited toward the Bobo doll. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning is showcased in the Little Albert experiment?

<p>Classical conditioning, developing a fear response to a previously neutral stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment, what is the conditioned stimulus?

<p>The ringing of the bell over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Little Albert experiment?

<p>To evaluate the impact of classical conditioning in children, establishing a feared response to a white rat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best distinguishes 'meritocracy' from simply 'social stratification'?

<p>Meritocracy emphasizes opportunity based on skill, while social stratification describes inequality resulting from it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about the Bobo doll experiment?

<p>The findings revealed no significant link between witnessing aggression and replicating it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final result of the Little Albert classical conditioning experiment?

<p>Little Albert developed a fear of rats and other white, furry things. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Psychology?

The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.

What is Behaviorism?

A branch of psychology that focuses on understanding and changing human behavior through scientifically proven methods.

What is Psychoanalysis?

A branch of psychology that explores the unconscious mind to understand human behavior and relationships.

What is Humanism?

A branch of psychology that emphasizes the individual's role in their recovery and focuses on qualitative observation.

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What is Cognitive Psychology?

A branch of psychology that studies how the brain learns best, considering mental states like beliefs, motivations, and desires.

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What is Sociology?

The scientific study of human societies and social behavior. It examines the relationships of people and the social structures they develop.

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How does Sociology impact our lives?

Sociology focuses on how institutions like schools, prisons, healthcare, and the media impact the way we live in society.

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How do categories shape our experience?

Sociologists explore how categories we belong to (students, females or males) shape our experiences.

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Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.

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Cultural Relativism

The idea that beliefs, customs, practices and rituals of a culture must be observed and evaluated from the perspective of where they originated.

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Functional Theory

Every belief in a culture functions to meet the needs of an individual, making the culture successful.

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Cultural Materialism

Material conditions like climate, food, and geography influence how a culture develops and creates ideas.

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Feminist Theory

Comparing cultures to see how many are dominated by men versus women.

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Overt Discrimination

Actions specifically taken against an individual or group because they are different.

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Systematic Discrimination

Subtle or unintentional discrimination with consequences not fully understood by the actor.

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Classism

Discrimination based on an individual's social and economic standing.

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Ageism

Discrimination based on age, often against the elderly or youth.

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Homophobia

Discrimination against individuals based on prejudice or fear of homosexuality.

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Sexism

Discrimination based on gender.

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Ableism

Discrimination based on assuming someone is able-bodied.

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Racism

Discrimination based on the belief that some races are superior.

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Humanistic Psychology

The idea that people are naturally good and problems arise when they deviate from this tendency. It focuses on potential and growth.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A hierarchy that suggests people must satisfy basic needs before pursuing higher ones. It's like building a pyramid with essential needs at the base.

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Frankl's Logotherapy

A theory that suggests people are driven by the search for meaning in life. Those who lack it feel empty.

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Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy

This focuses on an environment where people feel comfortable expressing themselves without judgment. It emphasizes authenticity, empathy, and acceptance.

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Socialization

The process through which individuals learn the values, behaviors, and skills of their society. Like a sponge absorbing knowledge.

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Structural Functionalism

The way society organizes itself into different groups and functions to meet everyone's needs. Think of society as a complex machine.

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Conflict Theory

A perspective that explores the power dynamics between different groups in society, particularly those with and without resources. Think of a tug-of-war.

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Feminist Sociology

A perspective that focuses on gender inequality and how men often hold power over women's roles in society. Think of gender roles and expectations.

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The Edith Experiment

The Edith Experiment was a case study where Aaron Stern attempted to create a genius by providing a highly stimulating environment from birth, including flashcards and classical music. It demonstrates the potential influence of nurture on intellectual development.

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Stanford Prison Experiment

The Stanford Prison Experiment aimed to investigate the impact of social roles and structures on behavior. It involved students assigned as guards and prisoners in a simulated prison environment. The experiment highlighted the ethical concerns of simulating real-world situations and the powerful influence of social roles.

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Feral Children

Feral children are individuals who have been raised by animals without significant human contact. Oxana Malaya is a famous example, raised by dogs after being abandoned by her parents. Her case demonstrates the importance of socialization during childhood, as she exhibited severely impaired social abilities.

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Jim Twins Study

The Jim Twins study involved two twins separated at birth, who were reunited later in life. They shared numerous similarities, including personality traits and behaviors, which indicates the significant contribution of genetics to human development. This suggests that genetic factors, or 'nature,' play a significant role in shaping our characteristics.

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Theory of Evolution

The theory of evolution explains the development of human beings through a gradual process of change over time, starting from earlier forms of life. It highlights the role of natural selection in shaping human biology and adaptations.

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Psychoanalytic Psychology

A branch of psychology that explores how the unconscious mind influences our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It emphasizes the role of early childhood experiences and unresolved conflicts in shaping our personality.

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Cognitive Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies how the brain acquires, processes, and stores information. It examines mental processes like learning, memory, and problem-solving.

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Learning Theory (in Social Discrimination)

This theory suggests that individuals learn discriminatory behaviors by observing and imitating others, particularly parents and authority figures.

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Jungian Psychology

This theory focuses on the unconscious mind and its role in shaping personality and behavior, but it also emphasizes the concept of a 'collective unconscious' shared by all humans.

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Karen Horney's Theory

This theory modifies Freudian psychoanalysis by incorporating social and cultural influences on personality development. It emphasizes the impact of societal expectations, particularly on women.

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Social Learning Theory

This theory suggests that behavior is shaped by the interaction of the environment and the individual's cognitive processes. This includes factors like observations, rewards, and punishments.

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Analytical Psychology

This theory emphasizes the importance of balancing the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche. It suggests that achieving this balance enables individuals to reach their full potential.

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What is Paleoanthropology?

The study of human evolution through the fossil and archaeological records

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What is Bipedalism?

The ability to walk on two legs, characteristic of humans and their ancestors.

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What is Melanin?

Natural sunscreen in our skin that protects us from harmful UV rays.

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Who are the Australopithecus?

A genus of early hominids that lived in Africa during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene epochs.

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Who are the Boisei (nearman)?

An early human species that lived in East Africa about 2 million years ago. They were known for their large teeth and strong jaws.

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Who are the Homo Habilis?

An early human species that lived in East and South Africa, known for their tool-making abilities.

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Who are the Homo Ergaster?

An early human species that lived in Africa, known for their larger brains and advanced tools.

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Who are the Homo Erectus?

An early human species that lived in bamboo forests, known for their use of fire and advanced hunting skills.

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What is Cultural Relativism?

It involves the observation and evaluation of cultural beliefs, customs, practices, and rituals from their origin's perspective. It advocates for understanding and respecting diverse cultural practices.

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What is Conflict Theory?

It examines the power dynamics between different groups in society, particularly focusing on how those with resources often have power over those without. This can be applied to various societal structures like class, gender, and racial inequalities.

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Functional Unity

A theory suggesting that cultures are composed of interconnected parts, and changes in one part can influence others. It emphasizes the idea that culture functions as a unified system.

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Feminist Anthropology

A theory that examines the role of gender in shaping culture, recognizing it as a social construct rather than a biological determination. It highlights the influence of cultural norms and practices on gender roles and identities.

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Postmodernism

A perspective that challenges traditional notions of objectivity and truth in cultural studies. It emphasizes the subjectivity of knowledge and the importance of recognizing diverse perspectives.

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Behavioralism

A psychological approach advocating for evidence-based understanding and modification of human behavior through experimentation. It focuses on observable behaviors and their causal factors.

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Self-Actualization

A concept in humanistic psychology that describes an individual's desire to fulfill their full potential and become the best version of themselves.

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Qualitative Approach in Humanistic Psychology

The focus on understanding individuals through personal interactions, sharing experiences, and being open to their feelings.

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Personal Agency (Free Will)

The belief that individuals have the ability to make choices and control their actions, influencing the outcomes of their lives.

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What is humanistic psychology?

Humanistic psychology emphasizes that individuals are inherently good, and mental or social issues arise from deviations from this natural tendency.

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What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests that individuals must address basic needs like food, water, and safety before moving on to higher needs like belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

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What is logotherapy?

Logotherapy, developed by Viktor Frankl, focuses on helping individuals find meaning and purpose in life, particularly those who feel empty or lost.

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What is Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy?

Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy creates a safe and supportive environment where individuals feel comfortable expressing themselves without judgment. It emphasizes genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard.

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What is socialization?

Socialization is the process through which individuals learn the values, beliefs, behaviors, and skills of their society. It's how we become members of a community.

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What is structural functionalism?

Structural Functionalism views society as a complex system of interconnected parts, each with unique functions that contribute to the stability and well-being of the whole.

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What is feminist sociology?

Feminist sociology examines gender inequality and the ways in which men often hold power over women's roles and opportunities in society. It focuses on challenging gender stereotypes and advocating for equality.

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Psychoanalysis

The theory that suggests human behavior is heavily influenced by unconscious drives and early childhood experiences.

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Freudian Slip

A type of unconscious mistake, like saying one person's name when referring to another, that's often interpreted as revealing hidden feelings or desires.

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Defense Mechanisms

A defense mechanism is a psychological strategy used to protect oneself from unwanted emotions, thoughts, or situations.

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Logotherapy

A school of psychotherapy founded by Viktor Frankl emphasizing the search for meaning in life as a primary human motivator. Individuals who lack meaning may experience emptiness and a lack of purpose.

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Meritocracy

A social system that gives opportunities and advantages based on ability, not wealth or status.

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Social Stratification

The institutional and social processes that make certain occupations and goods more desirable.

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Social Inequality

The difference in access to privileges, rewards, and resources within a society.

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Bobo the Clown Experiment

An experiment where children observed adults abusing a clown doll and then replicated the violence when given a similar toy.

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Little Albert Experiment

An experiment that conditioned a baby to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise.

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Pavlov's Dog Experiment

An experiment demonstrating that dogs can be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, even without food, by repeatedly associating the bell with food.

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Social Classes

Groups of people who receive more benefits or have greater influence and power compared to other groups.

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Bipedalism

The ability to walk upright on two legs, a defining characteristic of humans and their ancestors.

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Melanin

The natural pigment that gives our skin color and protects us from harmful UV rays.

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Australopithecus

A genus of early hominids that lived in Africa and were known for their upright posture and smaller brains.

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Conscious Mind

The part of the mind that holds information we are consciously aware of at any given moment. This is where our everyday thoughts and perceptions take place.

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Unconscious Mind

The part of the mind that processes information we are not consciously aware of. This includes hidden memories, thoughts, and feelings that can influence our behavior.

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ID

The instinctual part of the mind driven by the pleasure principle. It seeks immediate gratification and desires to fulfill basic needs and urges.

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Ego

The rational part of the mind that mediates between the impulsive id and the moral superego. It operates on the reality principle, considering consequences and finding realistic ways to satisfy desires.

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Superego

The moral compass of the mind, representing internalized societal rules and values. It strives for perfection and encourages ethical behavior, often causing guilt or shame when its standards are not met.

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Denial

The refusal to acknowledge or accept painful realities. It protects us from overwhelming distress, but can lead to denial of important information.

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Displacement

Shifting strong emotions from their original target (usually a person) to a less threatening one. It releases pent-up tension, but may misdirect emotions in a negative way.

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Projection

Attributing one's own unacceptable impulses or feelings to someone else. It protects one's self-image by projecting blame onto others.

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Rationalization

Explaining away unacceptable behavior with logical reasons to make it appear more acceptable. It allows for self-justification, but may not always be a valid explanation.

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Repression

Banishing unacceptable thoughts or feelings from conscious awareness. It protects us from painful memories, but it can lead to repressed issues surfacing later on.

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Reaction Formation

Replacing an unacceptable impulse with its opposite. Acting in a way that's the exact opposite of how you truly feel.

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Survival of the Fittest

The idea that a species can survive and reproduce more successfully in a particular environment because of advantageous traits.

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Evolution

The process of gradual changes in populations of organisms over time, driven by natural selection.

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Study Notes

Anthropology Theorists

  • Margaret Mead (cultural anthropologist)
  • Dian Fossey (primatologist)
  • Jane Goodall (primatologist)
  • Donald Johanson (paleoanthropologist)
  • Charles Darwin (paleoanthropologist)
  • Raymond Dart (paleoanthropologist)

Psychology Theorists

  • Ivan Pavlov - Classical Conditioning (behaviorism)
    • Pavlov was studying dog salivation in response to being fed. He noticed the dogs salivated when he entered the room, even if he wasn't bringing them food.
  • B.F. Skinner - Operant Conditioning (behaviorism)
    • Skinner focused on observable behaviors, using rats and pigeons to show how rewards and punishments impact behavior.
  • Sigmund Freud (psychoanalysis)
    • Focused on the unconscious mind, using Freudian slips as examples of subconscious feelings. All human behavior is influenced by early childhood experiences.
  • Karen Horney (psychoanalysis - neo-freudian)
    • Expanded Freud's theory to include social and cultural aspects of personality. Personality is not determined by childhood sexual conflicts. Emphasized the pressure women faced in society.
  • Carl Jung (psychoanalysis)
    • Developed analytical psychology, emphasizing balancing the conscious and unconscious mind to reach full potential. Introduced concepts like the collective unconscious and archetypes.
  • Abraham Maslow (humanism)
    • Believed humans are motivated by basic psychological needs (e.g., food, water) which then progress to social needs and ultimately self-actualization.
  • Viktor Frankl (humanism)
    • Founder of logotherapy, emphasizing the search for meaning in life as a central human motivator. Identified as a psychotherapist, philosopher, and Holocaust survivor.
  • Karl Rogers (humanism)
    • Stated that humans are innately good, motivated by personal agency to reach full potential. Emphasized the importance of a supportive environment.

Sociology Theorists

  • Emile Durkheim (structural functionalism)
    • Founded sociology as a discipline, focusing on forces that unite individuals in society. He studied social facts and factors that contribute to suicide rates (men are more likely to commit suicide).
  • Talcott Parsons (structural functionalism)
    • Concluded that although individuals act in self-interest, there's a strong desire for cooperation based on shared values.
  • Karl Marx (conflict theory)
    • Focused on class struggle and societal conflict, arguing that struggles for power and wealth are the primary driver. His work explores social issues, evolution, and unequal economic opportunity.
  • Dorothy Smith (feminist sociology) - Women are "alienated from their experiences."
  • Max Weber (symbolic interactionism)
    • Focused on rationalization, arguing that actions are motivated by efficacy rather than just morality and custom.

Key Concepts/Experiments

  • Cultural Relativism: Understanding another culture on its own terms, recognizing cultural differences.

  • Ethnocentrism: Judging another culture based on your own.

  • Functional Theory: All cultural parts have interconnected functions to maintain a functioning society.

  • Cultural Materialism: Focuses on the idea that a culture is shaped by its material conditions -climate, food, geography, etc.

  • Cognitive Theory: Examines mental states like beliefs, motivations, and desires to understand how humans learn and interact.

  • Bobo Doll Experiment: Demonstrated observational learning in children, finding that children who observed aggression modeled similar behavior.

  • Little Albert Experiment: Demonstrated classical conditioning with a white rat, associating a neutral stimulus (rat) with a fear response (noise), demonstrating a conditioned phobia.

  • Pavlov's Dog Experiment: Demonstrated classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (bell) becomes associated with a conditioned response (salivation) in dogs.

  • Skinner Box Experiment: Demonstrated operant conditioning using rats through reinforcement/punishment and associating behavior with consequences.

  • Asch Experiment: Demonstrated conformity by having participants choose lines matching the others in a group even when they were incorrect.

  • Milgram Experiment: Demonstrated obedience by having participants apply increasingly powerful shocks to individuals for wrong answers, demonstrating obedience to authority figures.

  • Zimbardo's Prison Experiment: Demonstrated how roles and social environments influence behavior, demonstrating the corrupting influence of power within a small system (prison).

  • Jane Elliot's Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes Experiment: Demonstrated the concept of prejudice.

  • Genie Case Study: Showed the effects of isolation and lack of social interaction on development.

  • Oxana Malaya Case Study: Showed the effects of early inappropriate socialization in the wild.

  • Jim Twins: Illustrates the significance of nature/nurture and genetic predisposition in shaping human behavior and personality.

  • Edith Experiment: Illustrates the role of environment in shaping an individual's development.

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Test your knowledge of key theorists in anthropology and psychology. This quiz covers influential figures like Margaret Mead, Dian Fossey, Ivan Pavlov, and Sigmund Freud. Explore their contributions and theories that shaped their respective fields.

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