Anthropology and Psychology Theorists
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Questions and Answers

Which concept emphasizes the importance of evaluating cultural practices within their original context?

  • Ethnocentrism
  • Cultural Relativism (correct)
  • Cultural Materialism
  • Functional Theory

    • Which theoretical perspective posits that all aspects of a culture contribute to meeting the needs of individuals within that culture?

  • Ethnocentrism
  • Functional Theory (correct)
  • Cultural Materialism
  • Feminist Theory

    • A culture experiencing a change in food production which in turn leads to new social structures would best represent the principles of:

  • Universal Functions
  • Functional Unity (correct)
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Cultural Relativism

    • Considering climate's impact on the development of a specific culture best aligns with which perspective?

    <p>Cultural Materialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is characterized by the belief that an individual's culture is superior to all others?

    <p>Ethnocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of psychology focuses on understanding and changing behavior through scientific experimentation?

    <p>Behaviorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological approach emphasizes unlocking the unconscious mind to understand behavior?

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary focus of theoretical psychology?

    <p>Studying emotions and addressing psychological issues in individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of psychology emphasizes a patient's active involvement in their recovery?

    <p>Humanistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive psychology primarily study?

    <p>How the brain learns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sociology primarily study?

    <p>Human societies and social behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question is most closely aligned with sociological inquiry?

    <p>How does education differ across countries?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these questions would a psychologist be most likely to ask?

    <p>How are we conditioned to react in situations?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary conclusion drawn from the Oxana Malaya case study?

    <p>Socialization plays a crucial role in shaping human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Jim Twins case study primarily provides evidence for which concept in human development?

    <p>The significant role of nature in influencing human traits and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social science ethical concern is most associated with the Stanford Prison Experiment?

    <p>The possible negative psychological and emotional impact on participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core belief in the theory of evolution, as it pertains to anthropology?

    <p>Humans gradually changed from animal life forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Edith Experiment aim to demonstrate regarding human development?

    <p>The potential of the correct environment to cultivate genius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to humanistic psychology, what is the primary cause of mental and social problems?

    <p>Deviations from one's natural tendency towards goodness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist developed the Hierarchy of Needs theory?

    <p>Abraham Maslow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Logotherapy?

    <p>Helping the patient uncover the purpose and meaning of their life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is NOT essential for personal growth?

    <p>Social Status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sociological perspective views society as stable when its institutions effectively meet the needs of its citizens?

    <p>Structural Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central concept of the Conflict Theory?

    <p>The competition for power due to social and economic inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying idea of Symbolic Interactionism?

    <p>How an individual's perspective and interactions shape society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does conformity refer to in a social setting?

    <p>Changing one's views to align with group norms or acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines social roles?

    <p>Specific functions individuals are expected to perform within a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are norms regarding behavior primarily intended to do?

    <p>To govern the appropriate behavior of members of a society or group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key distinguisher of overt discrimination compared to systemic discrimination?

    <p>Overt discrimination involves intentional and noticeable actions, whereas systemic is subtle and unintentional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that discriminatory behavior is acquired through observation and experience, not an innate human trait?

    <p>Learned Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If someone believes their opportunities are being taken away by other groups, which theory of discrimination does this align to?

    <p>Competition Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the aggression theory, which of the following accurately describes the concept of a 'scapegoat'?

    <p>A specific individual or group that is blamed for others difficulties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided context what is 'socialization'?

    <p>The process of learning specific skills and social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered the primary agent of socialization?

    <p>The family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a core belief of cognitive psychology?

    <p>Mental states such as beliefs and motivations play a key role in understanding behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to therapy focuses on resolving conflicts between conscious and unconscious feelings?

    <p>Psychoanalytic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Jung's analytical psychology, what constitutes the unconscious mind?

    <p>A combination of personal experiences and inherited collective experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Karen Horney's main criticism of Freud's theory?

    <p>She argued that personality is mainly shaped by social and cultural factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which core concept is essential to conflict theory?

    <p>The competition between groups for power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of conflict theory in relation to the economic system?

    <p>The imbalance and conflict between the wealthy and the poor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to learning theory, how is discriminatory behavior acquired?

    <p>It is learned through observation and imitation of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does conflict theory explain the feeling of powerlessness among the poor?

    <p>Through institutions that alienate and suppress the poor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?

    <p>Understanding individual growth and self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of motivation according to the provided content?

    <p>A state that directs and maintains behavior towards fulfilling needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of learning emphasizes the role of reinforcement and consequences in behavior?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do humanistic psychologists view the nature of individuals?

    <p>As inherently good with potential for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the first priority in the hierarchy of needs according to humanistic psychology?

    <p>Biological needs for food and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes clinical psychology from theoretical psychology?

    <p>Examination of emotions and psychological problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of psychology is primarily concerned with scientifically proven interventions to change behavior?

    <p>Behaviourism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of sociology focuses on the relationships formed within social structures?

    <p>The study of individuals' relationships to social categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus of cognitive psychology?

    <p>Studying how the brain learns and processes information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which big question aligns with the principles of psychology regarding human behavior?

    <p>What motivates humans to form social bonds?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study of psychoanalysis primarily aim to achieve?

    <p>Resolve conflicts between conscious and unconscious feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question would most likely be of interest to a sociologist?

    <p>What determines the impact of media on public opinion?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of humanistic psychology during treatment?

    <p>Patient involvement and qualitative recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bipedalism refer to in human evolution?

    <p>The movement involving locomotion on two feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation that Frankl believes drives humans?

    <p>Search for meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following early hominids is known as 'handyman' due to their use of tools?

    <p>Homo Habilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements does Carl Rogers believe is essential for a person to achieve personal growth?

    <p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does melanin serve in human skin?

    <p>A pigment that protects against UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Hierarchy of Needs Theory propose about human needs?

    <p>Basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on the competition between different social groups for power and resources?

    <p>Conflict Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cultural materialists argue is more influential in determining cultural behavior?

    <p>Materials and conditions in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of anthropology focuses on the relationships between people based on ancestry or marriage?

    <p>Kinship studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the concept of 'conformity' play in social behavior?

    <p>It promotes strict adherence to norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to a ceremonial event marking the transition from one social status to another?

    <p>Rites of passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of feminist anthropology?

    <p>Comparing the contributions of women across cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do postmodernists believe about the nature of truth?

    <p>Truth is only an individual perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early hominid is believed to have lived up to 600,000 years ago and used herbs for medicinal purposes?

    <p>Homo Heidelbergensis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of feminist sociology?

    <p>Examining gender inequality and power dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of abnormal socialization?

    <p>Experience of child abuse or isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethnology investigate in the field of cultural anthropology?

    <p>Comparative analysis of cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is NOT emphasized by social learning theory?

    <p>An immediate change in behavior post-learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is aligned with cultural unity?

    <p>Parts of a culture are interdependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of logotherapy in psychological treatment?

    <p>To help patients find meaning in their lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes societal norms relating to behaviors deemed acceptable based on perceived sex?

    <p>Gender roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to behavioralism, what is essential for understanding and altering human behavior?

    <p>Evidential findings from experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural materialists perceive the development of culture?

    <p>As trial and error guided by material needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of cultural relativism is most important in postmodernist anthropology?

    <p>The belief that culture shapes reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Carl Jung's concept of the collective unconscious refer to?

    <p>Shared memories from ancestors across all humanity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory emphasizes the importance of social and cultural aspects in personality development?

    <p>Karen Horney's Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>Emphasizes the development of self-actualization over immediate survival needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>The significance of early childhood experiences on the unconscious mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theorists is associated with the concept of 'operant conditioning'?

    <p>B.F. Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which archetype is represented by the symbol of a 'Hero' according to Jungian psychology?

    <p>Courageous champion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist is known for studying salivation in dogs and identifying classical conditioning?

    <p>Ivan Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes 'womb envy' as proposed by Karen Horney?

    <p>A feeling men have about their inability to bear children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of logotherapy according to Viktor Frankl?

    <p>Finding meaning in life as a motivational force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is central to Jung's analytical psychology?

    <p>The balance between opposing inner tendencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a key distinction between the approaches of B.F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud?

    <p>Skinner concentrated on the impact of rewards and punishments, while Freud explored the influence of early sexual conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Karen Horney's modification of Freudian theory most significantly shift the focus in understanding personality development?

    <p>By highlighting social and cultural factors, rather than sexual conflicts, as primary drivers of personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Carl Jung's concepts is best illustrated by recurring symbolic figures, such as the 'hero' or 'trickster', found across various cultures and mythologies?

    <p>Archetypes within the Collective Unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which scenario exemplifies self-actualization?

    <p>An individual dedicates their life to creative pursuits and maximizing their personal potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios most accurately demonstrates Viktor Frankl's concept of 'search for meaning' as the main motivational force?

    <p>A person who finds and dedicates their efforts to something beyond themselves during a period of great suffering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the core difference in research methodology between Donald Johanson and Jane Goodall?

    <p>Johanson’s relied on the analysis of fossil remains while Goodall is known for longitudinal studies and observation of living primates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Jung's concept of 'balancing opposite tendencies' within an individual's psyche relate to the pursuit of full potential?

    <p>By acknowledging, integrating, and harmonizing contradictory traits and drives, allowing a more complete expression of ourselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best encapsulates the relationship between 'survival of the fittest' and 'natural selection'?

    <p>Natural selection is the mechanism through which survival of the fittest operates, influencing which traits persist in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a functionalist perspective explain the role of rituals within a culture?

    <p>Rituals are social behaviors that have a specific function within the broader culture, meeting both individual and communal needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most direct contradiction between 'ethnocentrism' and 'cultural relativism'?

    <p>Ethnocentrism emphasizes judging all cultures based upon the standards of a single culture, while cultural relativism asserts that understanding a culture can only be achieved within its own context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within the context of Functional Theory, what is meant by the interdependence of cultural institutions?

    <p>Changes in one institution will tend to affect the workings and potential success of others in any given culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Darwin's principles, which of the following is NOT a prerequisite for natural selection to occur within a population?

    <p>Variations within the population must be acquired during the individual's lifetime, rather than being inherited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In social learning theory, what is the most accurate description of the interaction between cognition, behavior, and environment?

    <p>They interact reciprocally, each influencing and being influenced by the others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided information, what is the key distinction between the conscious and unconscious mind?

    <p>The conscious mind processes information we are aware of, and the unconscious does so without our awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Bobo the Clown experiment primarily demonstrate?

    <p>Observation alone can influence behavior, and reinforcement can increase the chance of the behavior being displayed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, what is the main objective of psychoanalysis?

    <p>To understand and resolve unconscious conflicts and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the 'ID' in psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>To operate on the pleasure principle and represent the instinctual part of the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a critical aspect of social learning theory's view on learning?

    <p>Learning is primarily a cognitive process that can happen in a social setting through observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the concept of 'reciprocal determinism' in social learning theory?

    <p>Cognition, behavior, and environment mutually influence each other in a continuous cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychoanalytic theory, how are unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories classified?

    <p>As components of the unconscious mind, outside of immediate awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key finding from the Bobo the Clown experiment, regarding the role of observing consequences?

    <p>Children who observed adults being punished for aggression showed less imitative behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between the id, ego, and superego?

    <p>The ego attempts to satisfy the id's desires while adhering to the superego's constraints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves unconsciously replacing unwanted impulses with their opposite?

    <p>Reaction Formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person who directs their frustration at a colleague after being criticized by their boss is exhibiting which defense mechanism?

    <p>Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a core tenet of humanistic psychology?

    <p>Individuals have the capacity for self-actualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a defense mechanism according to the provided content?

    <p>Inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of defense mechanisms, what distinguishes repression from denial?

    <p>Repression excludes unacceptable desires from consciousness, whereas denial involves refusing to acknowledge a painful reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A student dealing with academic stress by having a temper tantrum best exemplifies which defense mechanism?

    <p>Regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves channeling unacceptable urges into a more productive activity?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the humanistic approach to therapy?

    <p>Facilitating the patient's own journey toward growth and self-actualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does humanistic psychology view the concept of free will?

    <p>Free will is an important factor, people have agency and choices that affect their development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'meritocracy' in relation to social class?

    <p>A social system that gives opportunities based primarily on ability and skills rather than wealth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key outcome of 'social stratification' as it relates to the distribution of societal resources?

    <p>It results in social inequality due to some groups having more access to desirable resources and occupations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios best illustrates 'social inequality'?

    <p>Where certain social groups have easier access to community resources, while others face difficulty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Bobo doll experiment, what was the main finding regarding the children's behavior after witnessing aggression?

    <p>Most children, especially boys, replicated the aggressive actions they had seen exhibited toward the Bobo doll.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning is showcased in the Little Albert experiment?

    <p>Classical conditioning, developing a fear response to a previously neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pavlov's experiment, what is the conditioned stimulus?

    <p>The ringing of the bell over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Little Albert experiment?

    <p>To evaluate the impact of classical conditioning in children, establishing a feared response to a white rat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best distinguishes 'meritocracy' from simply 'social stratification'?

    <p>Meritocracy emphasizes opportunity based on skill, while social stratification describes inequality resulting from it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about the Bobo doll experiment?

    <p>The findings revealed no significant link between witnessing aggression and replicating it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final result of the Little Albert classical conditioning experiment?

    <p>Little Albert developed a fear of rats and other white, furry things.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anthropology Theorists

    • Margaret Mead (cultural anthropologist)
    • Dian Fossey (primatologist)
    • Jane Goodall (primatologist)
    • Donald Johanson (paleoanthropologist)
    • Charles Darwin (paleoanthropologist)
    • Raymond Dart (paleoanthropologist)

    Psychology Theorists

    • Ivan Pavlov - Classical Conditioning (behaviorism)
      • Pavlov was studying dog salivation in response to being fed. He noticed the dogs salivated when he entered the room, even if he wasn't bringing them food.
    • B.F. Skinner - Operant Conditioning (behaviorism)
      • Skinner focused on observable behaviors, using rats and pigeons to show how rewards and punishments impact behavior.
    • Sigmund Freud (psychoanalysis)
      • Focused on the unconscious mind, using Freudian slips as examples of subconscious feelings. All human behavior is influenced by early childhood experiences.
    • Karen Horney (psychoanalysis - neo-freudian)
      • Expanded Freud's theory to include social and cultural aspects of personality. Personality is not determined by childhood sexual conflicts. Emphasized the pressure women faced in society.
    • Carl Jung (psychoanalysis)
      • Developed analytical psychology, emphasizing balancing the conscious and unconscious mind to reach full potential. Introduced concepts like the collective unconscious and archetypes.
    • Abraham Maslow (humanism)
      • Believed humans are motivated by basic psychological needs (e.g., food, water) which then progress to social needs and ultimately self-actualization.
    • Viktor Frankl (humanism)
      • Founder of logotherapy, emphasizing the search for meaning in life as a central human motivator. Identified as a psychotherapist, philosopher, and Holocaust survivor.
    • Karl Rogers (humanism)
      • Stated that humans are innately good, motivated by personal agency to reach full potential. Emphasized the importance of a supportive environment.

    Sociology Theorists

    • Emile Durkheim (structural functionalism)
      • Founded sociology as a discipline, focusing on forces that unite individuals in society. He studied social facts and factors that contribute to suicide rates (men are more likely to commit suicide).
    • Talcott Parsons (structural functionalism)
      • Concluded that although individuals act in self-interest, there's a strong desire for cooperation based on shared values.
    • Karl Marx (conflict theory)
      • Focused on class struggle and societal conflict, arguing that struggles for power and wealth are the primary driver. His work explores social issues, evolution, and unequal economic opportunity.
    • Dorothy Smith (feminist sociology) - Women are "alienated from their experiences."
    • Max Weber (symbolic interactionism)
      • Focused on rationalization, arguing that actions are motivated by efficacy rather than just morality and custom.

    Key Concepts/Experiments

    • Cultural Relativism: Understanding another culture on its own terms, recognizing cultural differences.

    • Ethnocentrism: Judging another culture based on your own.

    • Functional Theory: All cultural parts have interconnected functions to maintain a functioning society.

    • Cultural Materialism: Focuses on the idea that a culture is shaped by its material conditions -climate, food, geography, etc.

    • Cognitive Theory: Examines mental states like beliefs, motivations, and desires to understand how humans learn and interact.

    • Bobo Doll Experiment: Demonstrated observational learning in children, finding that children who observed aggression modeled similar behavior.

    • Little Albert Experiment: Demonstrated classical conditioning with a white rat, associating a neutral stimulus (rat) with a fear response (noise), demonstrating a conditioned phobia.

    • Pavlov's Dog Experiment: Demonstrated classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (bell) becomes associated with a conditioned response (salivation) in dogs.

    • Skinner Box Experiment: Demonstrated operant conditioning using rats through reinforcement/punishment and associating behavior with consequences.

    • Asch Experiment: Demonstrated conformity by having participants choose lines matching the others in a group even when they were incorrect.

    • Milgram Experiment: Demonstrated obedience by having participants apply increasingly powerful shocks to individuals for wrong answers, demonstrating obedience to authority figures.

    • Zimbardo's Prison Experiment: Demonstrated how roles and social environments influence behavior, demonstrating the corrupting influence of power within a small system (prison).

    • Jane Elliot's Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes Experiment: Demonstrated the concept of prejudice.

    • Genie Case Study: Showed the effects of isolation and lack of social interaction on development.

    • Oxana Malaya Case Study: Showed the effects of early inappropriate socialization in the wild.

    • Jim Twins: Illustrates the significance of nature/nurture and genetic predisposition in shaping human behavior and personality.

    • Edith Experiment: Illustrates the role of environment in shaping an individual's development.

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    Test your knowledge of key theorists in anthropology and psychology. This quiz covers influential figures like Margaret Mead, Dian Fossey, Ivan Pavlov, and Sigmund Freud. Explore their contributions and theories that shaped their respective fields.

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