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Questions and Answers
What are the four main types of macromolecules found in living organisms?
What are the four main types of macromolecules found in living organisms?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the name of the simple sugar commonly found in the blood of animals?
What is the name of the simple sugar commonly found in the blood of animals?
What is the name given to two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis?
What is the name given to two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of polysaccharide?
Which of the following is NOT a type of polysaccharide?
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What is the main function of lipids in living organisms?
What is the main function of lipids in living organisms?
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Lipids are classified as either saturated or unsaturated.
Lipids are classified as either saturated or unsaturated.
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What is the main difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the main difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
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What is the name given to the building blocks of proteins?
What is the name given to the building blocks of proteins?
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Proteins are responsible for the construction of body parts such as hair, skin, nails, and blood.
Proteins are responsible for the construction of body parts such as hair, skin, nails, and blood.
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What is any substance (organic or inorganic) that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction called?
What is any substance (organic or inorganic) that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction called?
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What is the main function of nucleic acids in living organisms?
What is the main function of nucleic acids in living organisms?
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What is the name for the building blocks of nucleic acids?
What is the name for the building blocks of nucleic acids?
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What are the three main types of nucleic acids?
What are the three main types of nucleic acids?
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ATP is used as an energy source for cells.
ATP is used as an energy source for cells.
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What is the name of the process that breaks down complex molecules by adding water?
What is the name of the process that breaks down complex molecules by adding water?
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What is the main difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
What is the main difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
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What type of molecule is formed during dehydration synthesis?
What type of molecule is formed during dehydration synthesis?
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Which of the following are examples of disaccharides?
Which of the following are examples of disaccharides?
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Study Notes
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large carbon compounds built from smaller units called monomers.
- This process of joining monomers is similar to linking a railroad train's cars.
- Monomers can bind together to create complex molecules called polymers (poly= many).
- Polymers are made up of repeating, linked units.
- Macromolecules are formed by the linking together of these large polymers.
- Macromolecules are composed of smaller subunits, which are linked together through condensation reactions or dehydration synthesis.
- During these reactions, water molecules are released as a byproduct.
Types of Macromolecules
- Four main types: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
Carbohydrates
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio.
- General formula: (CH₂O)ₙ, where n represents the number of carbons.
- Examples of monosaccharides (simple sugars): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose -Glucose : commonly found in blood of animals. -Galactose : a simple sugar found in milk. -Fructose : commonly found in fruit.
- Glucose and fructose have the formula C₆H₁₂O₆ but different structures making them isomers.
- Examples of disaccharides (two monosaccharides joined): Lactose (milk sugar) and Sucrose (table sugar). -Lactose: composed of Galactose and Glucose. -Sucrose: composed of Fructose and Glucose.
- Examples of polysaccharides (many monosaccharides joined): Starch (plant storage), Cellulose (plant cell walls), Glycogen (animal storage). Starch is used as a storage form of glucose in plants, cellulose provides strength and rigidity in plant cell walls, and glycogen is the animal storage form of glucose used as quick energy.
Lipids
- Class of macromolecules that do not dissolve in water.
- Common types include fats, oils, and waxes.
- Lipids usually serve one of three main functions: energy storage, structural support in cell membranes (phospholipids), and serving as reactants for metabolic reactions.
- Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids.
-These fatty acids are classified as either saturated or unsaturated, depending on the presence of double bonds in their carbon chain.
- Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and are usually solid at room temperature. Commonly from animal products
- Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds and are usually liquid at room temperature. Often found from plant oils.
- Triglycerides are a common lipid, composed of glycerol linked to three fatty acids via dehydration synthesis reaction.
Proteins
- Composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen atoms.
- Proteins are crucial for constructing body parts such as hair, skin, nails, and blood.
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
- There are 20 different types of amino acids that are essential.
- Enzymes are a type of protein that acts as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
Nucleic Acids
- Complex organic molecules that store genetic information.
- Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
- Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base.
- Three main types of nucleic acids:
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): stores genetic information within the cell nucleus.
- RNA (ribonucleic acid): involved in protein synthesis, carrying instructions from DNA to the ribosomes.
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate): a nucleotide containing three phosphate groups is used as energy for the cell.
Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis
- Monomers link together to form polymers through a reaction called dehydration synthesis (or condensation reaction).
- Water (H₂O) is released as a by-product during dehydration synthesis.
- The breakdown of polymers occurs through hydrolysis.
- In hydrolysis, water is added to break down the bonds between monomers.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of macromolecules, which are large carbon compounds composed of smaller units called monomers. This quiz covers the types of macromolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as how monomers link to form polymers. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of these essential biological molecules.
