Diseases of the venous system

Which mechanism helps counteract the effects of gravity during venous return from dependent areas?

Skeletal muscle pump

Capacitance of the venous system refers to its ability to being able to accommodate large volume of blood with only minimal change or pressure inside the vessel

True

What is the primary characteristic of the venous system's capacitance?

Its ability to stretch and expand without a significant change in pressure

The high capacitance of the venous system is primarily due to:

The compliance of the venous walls and venous valves

What happens to the pressure inside the venous vessel when there is a large increase in blood volume?

The pressure remains relatively stable despite the increase in volume

Which of the following mechanisms aids in venous return from dependent areas, such as the lower limbs?

Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump

What is the role of valves in the veins of the lower limbs during venous return?

They assist in the one-way flow of blood toward the heart

Which statement accurately describes varicose veins?

Varicose veins are highly visible, swollen, and can be painful.

Which condition is characterized by the inflammation of superficial veins and is generally considered benign?

Superficial thrombophlebitis

What is the main cause of varicose veins?

Defective valves and blood pooling in the veins

What are some factors that contribute to the development of varicose veins?

Pregnancy, menopause, age, obesity, and standing

Which of the following is a common symptom of varicose veins?

Bluish-purple or red discoloration of the skin

Caput medusae is characterized by:

A network of large, painless, swollen visible veins around the abdomen

Caput medusae is most commonly associated with:

Liver disease

What are haemorrhoids?

Swollen veins around the anus or in the lower rectum

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with external haemorrhoids?

Severe itching and pain around the anus

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of haemorrhoids?

Excessive exercise

What is the primary cause of Oesophageal Varices?

Cirrhosis or liver disease and portal hypertension

What are the potential complications associated with oesophageal varices?

Stricture of the oesophagus and severe bleeding

Which diagnostic test can be used to identify oesophageal varices?

Barium swallow test with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

Which group of patients is at a significantly increased risk of developing a pulmonary embolism?

Those with deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Which of the following best defines thrombosis?

Formation of blood clots within a blood vessel

Which of the following is true regarding thrombophlebitis?

It can occur in both superficial veins and deep veins

What is Virchow's triad related to thrombosis?

Three factors linked to increased incidence of thrombosis

Which factor is NOT a part of Virchow's triad?

Decreased platelet count

What type of blood clot is associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Blood clot within a muscle

Which component of Virchow's triad refers to the abnormality in the character of the blood?

Higher levels of platelets or clotting factors

Superficial thrombophlebitis is characterized by:

Inflammation in veins near the skin's surface

What is one of the common causes of superficial thrombophlebitis?

Varicose veins

How is superficial thrombophlebitis clinically observed?

Reddening of the skin with pain

How is superficial thrombophlebitis typically diagnosed?

Examination and occasionally ultrasound or MRI

What factors can contribute to the formation of blood clots, including pulmonary embolism?

Virchow's triad, stress, and disorder

Which of the following can be used for the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis?

Painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

A clot in a deep vein that hinders venous drainage

Which of the following symptoms is often associated with Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

Severe pain, swelling, and redness in the affected limb

Which of the following factors are significantly linked to the development of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

Smoking, surgery, and pregnancy

Which of the following is a treatment approach for Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

Compression therapy and blood filtering

How can Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) be diagnosed?

Doppler ultrasound scan of the veins

In certain cases, what additional diagnostic procedure may be required to diagnose Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

Venogram (venous angiogram)

What is the purpose of a D-dimer blood test in the diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

To identify the presence of clotting

What is a pulmonary embolism (PE)?

A blood clot that occurs in the lungs

What is the potential outcome of large or multiple blood clots in the lungs?

Decreased oxygen levels in the blood

What are the "Red Flag" symptoms associated with a pulmonary embolism?

Acute onset dyspnea, tachypnea, and pleuritic chest pain

Which diagnostic tests can aid in the diagnosis of a pulmonary embolism?

D-dimer testing and CT scan

What are commonly used medications for the management of thrombosis?

Anticoagulant drugs

Which of the following medications may be used as an antiplatelet drug in certain circumstances?

Aspirin

What is the primary risk associated with the use of anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of thrombosis?

Risk of bleeding

In certain situations, which therapy may be indicated for the management of thrombosis?

Thrombolysis

Which of the following medications is commonly used for thrombolysis?

Streptokinase

Which of the following factors makes arteries less likely to suffer from diseases of the venous system?

Higher pressure and greater flow

One of the major factors associated with diseases of the venous system is blood pooling. Which blood vessels are more prone to blood pooling?

Veins

Why are arteries less prone to diseases associated with blood pooling?

Arteries have a stronger muscular wall