Chapter 33 McCance- Cardiovascular and Venous Diseases

Which factor contributes directly to the development of varicose veins?

A patient with chronic venous insufficiency experiences hyperpigmentation and lipodermatosclerosis. Which pathophysiologic process is most directly responsible for these skin changes?

What is the major difference between a thrombus and a thromboembolus?

According to Virchow's triad, what three factors promote venous thrombosis?

A patient who has undergone orthopedic surgery is at risk for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is most appropriate for this patient?

D-dimer testing is utilized in the diagnosis of DVT. What would a negative D-dimer indicate?

Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)?

When a patient presents with edema and venous distention in the face, neck, and upper extremities, what condition should be suspected?

Hypertension is caused by increases in what two factors?

A patient with primary hypertension is prescribed a beta-blocking medication. What system is directly opposing the effects of with this medication?

The RAAS contributes to hypertension by what means?

What is a major factor that shifts the pressure-natriuresis relationship in individuals with hypertension?

Endothelial dysfunction contributes to primary hypertension by decreasing the production of what?

Which statement correctly describes complicated hypertension?

Which event is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis?

What is a key characteristic of hypertensive crisis (malignant hypertension)?

Individuals with malignant hypertension are at risk for what complication if blood pressure is sustained?

What is the definition of orthostatic hypotension?

An older adult is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Why is this condition more prevalent in older adults?

Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for secondary orthostatic hypotension?

What is a true aneurysm?

Which components are found in a patient with atherosclerosis and contribute to remodeling and weakening of a vessel wall?

What effect does the use of beta-adrenergic medications treat for growing aortic aneurysms?

What causes arterial thrombi?

What are two threats of arterial thrombi?

What are treatment options for a patient diagnosed with arterial thrombi?

What is an embolus?

A patient experiences occlusion of a vessel due to arterial thromboembolism. What characterizes a limb that is ischemic?

How does air totally blocking a vessel cause ischemia and necrosis to occur?

In which situation might amniotic fluid embolism be suspected?

In a patient who recently experienced trauma to trauma to the long bones, what are likely the two most common causes to develop fat emboli after skeletal trauma?

What is known about Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)?

Which symptoms are associated with Buerger Disease? Select all that apply.

Raynaud disease is associated with what?

What is the primary focus when there is a diagnosis of atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis begins with injury to which cells?

Elevated levels of serum LDL result in a patient experiencing which condition from complications caused?

How does an increase in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) contribute to the development of varicose veins?

Which mechanism leads to the skin ulcerations that characterize chronic venous insufficiency?

What is the significance of persistent venous outflow obstruction in the pathophysiology of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Why is a D-dimer assay often used in the diagnostic workup for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

What treatments are used to dissolve clot extension or embolization for someone at high risk and diagnosed with a deep vein thrombosis?

What aspect of the superior vena cava's (SVC) anatomy makes it particularly vulnerable to compression?

How do collateral vessels help reduce the severity of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)?

Which physiological process is LEAST directly affected by the diagnostic criteria change for hypertension in 2017, compared to the 2014 criteria?

What is the primary mechanism by which isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) increases the risk of cardiovascular events?

How is the pressure-natriuresis relationship altered in primary hypertension?

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension?

What vascular effect does angiotensin II (ang II) mediate that contributes to sustained hypertension?

How do natriuretic hormones influence blood pressure regulation?

How does obesity contribute to primary hypertension?

What is a characteristic vascular change seen in complicated hypertension?

Which renal change is an early sign of target organ damage in complicated hypertension?

Describe what is known about what happens in hypertension during the arterial damage stage.

How does physical training work for lowering elevated blood pressure?

What direct vascular benefit is achieved by stopping smoking during hypertension treatment?

What vascular action occurs with the use of beta-adrenergic blockage medications treat for growing aortic aneurysms?