Cardiovascular Diseases Overview
40 Questions
6 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What condition is primarily caused by damaged valves in veins?

  • Varicosities (correct)
  • Deep vein thrombosis
  • Chronic venous insufficiency
  • Superior vena cava syndrome

Which of the following can lead to chronic venous insufficiency?

  • Inadequate venous return over time (correct)
  • Increased peripheral resistance
  • Sustained elevated arterial blood pressure
  • Hypertension medication

What is the most common cause of superior vena cava syndrome?

  • Chronic venous distention
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Venous stasis
  • Compression by tumors (correct)

What is a common factor associated with the risk of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

<p>Pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes primary hypertension?

<p>Result of complex genetics and environmental interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a risk factor for hypertension?

<p>Regular physical exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most significant factor in causing target organ damage in hypertension is:

<p>Systolic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the clinical manifestations of hypertension?

<p>Results from damage to organs and tissues outside the vascular system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes orthostatic hypotension?

<p>A drop in blood pressure that occurs on standing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacological treatment is typically NOT used for hypertension?

<p>Vasospastic agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the primary form of orthostatic hypotension?

<p>Neurologic changes affecting autonomic reflexes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of embolus is MOST commonly associated with heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation?

<p>Thrombotic emboli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of an aneurysm?

<p>Localized dilation of a vessel wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause fat emboli primarily?

<p>Trauma to the long bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an embolus?

<p>A mobile aggregate that occludes the vasculature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of cerebrovascular disease?

<p>Atherosclerosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a ruptured plaque in atherosclerosis?

<p>Thrombosis and vasoconstriction leading to obstruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the type of angina that is predictable and recurrent due to chronic coronary obstruction?

<p>Stable angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

<p>Intermittent claudication during physical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from an imbalance between coronary blood supply and myocardial oxygen demand?

<p>Reversible myocardial ischemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)?

<p>Endothelial injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is unstable angina characterized?

<p>Transient episodes of thrombotic occlusion with return of perfusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to an increased risk of CAD?

<p>Advanced age and smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of treating stable angina?

<p>Reduce symptoms and improve quality of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pathological change that occurs when coronary blood flow is interrupted for an extended period?

<p>Myocyte necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are acute coronary syndromes primarily assessed?

<p>Serum enzyme levels and ECG changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of myocardial infarction is associated with ST-segment elevation on an ECG?

<p>Transmural infarction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification of cardiomyopathy is characterized by rigid and noncompliant heart muscle?

<p>Restrictive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common complication associated with acute coronary syndromes?

<p>Congestive heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitral valve prolapse is most commonly observed in which demographic?

<p>Young women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from fluid accumulation within the pericardial sac?

<p>Pericardial effusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might indicate that a patient has mitral valve regurgitation?

<p>Presence of characteristic heart sounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of untreated rheumatic fever?

<p>Rheumatic heart disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart failure is characterized by an inability to generate adequate cardiac output due to reduced ejection fraction?

<p>Systolic heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common consequence of increased afterload in the context of heart failure?

<p>Decreased stroke volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is NOT part of the neurohumoral responses in congestive heart failure?

<p>Increased erythropoiesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes an increase in preload in left heart failure?

<p>Increased left ventricular end diastolic volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can result from untreated infective endocarditis?

<p>Systemic emboli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor influencing contractility in heart disease?

<p>Myocardial ischemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key focus of management in left heart failure?

<p>Increasing contractility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Orthostatic Hypotension

A drop in blood pressure that occurs when standing up, caused by a delayed vasoconstriction response leading to blood pooling in the legs.

Primary Orthostatic Hypotension

Caused by neurological problems affecting the autonomic reflexes responsible for regulating blood pressure when standing up.

Secondary Orthostatic Hypotension

Caused by factors other than neurological issues, such as dehydration, medications, or diseases.

Aneurysm

A localized bulge or dilation in a blood vessel wall, with the aorta being particularly vulnerable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thrombus

A blood clot that remains attached to the inner wall of a blood vessel.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Embolus

A mobile clump of materials, such as blood clots, air, or fat, that travels through the bloodstream and can block blood vessels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Arterial Thrombotic Embolus

A blood clot that breaks off from a blood vessel in the heart and travels to other arteries, most commonly affecting the legs, brain, and heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fat Embolism

A type of embolus where fat globules from bone marrow, often released due to bone trauma, travel through the bloodstream and block blood vessels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Varicosities

Areas of veins where blood pools, often in the saphenous veins. Caused by damaged valves (trauma or chronic distention) that prevent proper blood flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Inadequate venous return over a long period, leading to tissue damage in the vasculature, skin, and supporting tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Compression of the superior vena cava (SVC), most often caused by tumors, obstructing blood flow from the head, neck, and upper limbs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Blood clot forming in a deep vein, often in the legs. Caused by venous stasis (immobility), vein wall damage, and hypercoagulability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypertension

Sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure, caused by increased cardiac output or total peripheral resistance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Hypertension

High blood pressure without a known cause, resulting from complex interactions of genetics and environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Hypertension

High blood pressure caused by an underlying disease or medication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Systolic Hypertension

Elevated systolic blood pressure, the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats, which is the most significant factor in target organ damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Death of heart muscle tissue caused by prolonged interruption of blood flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Subendocardial Infarction

A heart attack affecting the inner layer of the heart muscle, without extending through the entire wall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transmural Infarction

A heart attack affecting the entire thickness of the heart muscle wall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

STEMI

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, indicating a large heart attack involving a major coronary artery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-STEMI

Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, indicating a smaller heart attack affecting the inner layer of the heart muscle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pericardial Effusion

Fluid buildup within the pericardial sac.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cardiomyopathy

A group of diseases affecting the heart muscle itself, leading to weakened pumping ability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Atherosclerosis

A chronic inflammatory disease that damages blood vessels, leading to plaque buildup and narrowing of arteries. It begins with endothelial injury and progresses through multiple stages, ultimately resulting in a fibrotic plaque.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plaque Rupture

When a plaque in an artery breaks open, exposing the underlying tissue and triggering blood clotting. This can lead to blockage of the artery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Atherosclerosis affecting the arteries that supply blood to the limbs, primarily the legs. It often causes pain when walking, known as intermittent claudication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Atherosclerosis affecting the arteries that supply blood to the heart. This can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, and even heart attack.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stable Angina

Reoccurring chest pain that occurs with exertion or stress. It's caused by a chronic blockage in a coronary artery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unstable Angina

Sudden and unpredictable chest pain caused by temporary blockages in coronary arteries. It's a warning sign of potential heart attack.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)

A group of conditions including unstable angina and myocardial infarction, caused by sudden blockage in coronary arteries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rheumatic Fever

An inflammatory disease caused by a delayed immune response to a strep infection. Usually resolves without complications if treated early.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rheumatic Heart Disease

A potentially disabling heart disease that can happen if rheumatic fever isn't treated. Mainly affects heart valves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Infective Endocarditis

A serious infection and inflammation of the heart's inner lining, especially the valves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure

The heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Left Heart Failure (Systolic)

Heart can't pump enough blood out (reduced ejection fraction).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Left Heart Failure (Diastolic)

Heart can't relax enough to fill with blood (preserved ejection fraction).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Increased Preload

More blood in the ventricle before contraction due to decreased pumping or excess fluid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Increased Afterload

Resistance the heart has to pump against, usually from narrowed blood vessels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Diseases of the Veins

  • Varicosities: Areas of pooled blood in veins, often saphenous veins. Caused by damaged valves or chronic venous distention.
  • Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Inadequate venous return over time, leading to ischemic changes in tissues (skin, vasculature).
  • Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Compression of the SVC (superior vena cava) often by tumors.

Diseases of the Arteries

  • Hypertension: Sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure due to increased cardiac output or peripheral resistance.
  • Atherosclerosis: Inflammatory disease; leading cause of coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Starts with endothelial injury, leading to plaque formation.
  • Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Atherosclerosis in arteries supplying the limbs, often asymptomatic but can present with intermittent claudication (leg pain).
  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Occlusion of coronary arteries, often due to atherosclerosis, reducing blood flow to the heart. Risk factors include age, gender, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, among others.
  • Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS): Sudden coronary obstruction due to thrombosis (clot formation). Includes unstable angina (reversible ischemia) and myocardial infarction (MI) (irreversible damage).
  • Myocardial Infarction (MI): Death of heart muscle due to prolonged ischemia. Types include subendocardial and transmural.
  • Vasospastic Disorders: Include conditions like thromboangiitis obliterans and Raynaud's disease, involving arterioles in the extremities.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

AP Ch 33 PDF - Cardiovascular Function

Description

This quiz covers key diseases affecting veins and arteries, including varicosities, chronic venous insufficiency, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Understand the causes, symptoms, and implications of these cardiovascular conditions to better grasp their impact on health.

More Like This

Venous Thromboembolic Disease Quiz
32 questions

Venous Thromboembolic Disease Quiz

ReliableMothman avatar
ReliableMothman
Venous Thromboembolism Overview
39 questions

Venous Thromboembolism Overview

EnergyEfficientMagicRealism avatar
EnergyEfficientMagicRealism
Alterations of the Cardiovascular System
41 questions

Alterations of the Cardiovascular System

PeaceableGreen avatar
PeaceableGreen
Atherosclerosis and Venous Disorders Quiz
82 questions

Atherosclerosis and Venous Disorders Quiz

EntrancedAstronomy avatar
EntrancedAstronomy
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser