Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which allocation principle do Canadian participants favor the most when distributing material benefits?
Which allocation principle do Canadian participants favor the most when distributing material benefits?
How do American participants prefer to allocate resources with an ingroup member?
How do American participants prefer to allocate resources with an ingroup member?
What does the need principle in punishment imply?
What does the need principle in punishment imply?
Which of the following best describes procedural justice?
Which of the following best describes procedural justice?
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Which culture perceives equity as fairer than need when it comes to resource allocation?
Which culture perceives equity as fairer than need when it comes to resource allocation?
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What behavior may occur when employees feel they are unpaid?
What behavior may occur when employees feel they are unpaid?
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What is the main focus of retributive justice in social psychology?
What is the main focus of retributive justice in social psychology?
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Which cultural group prefers equal allocations to a higher extent than Americans?
Which cultural group prefers equal allocations to a higher extent than Americans?
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Which age group is more willing to reject unequal distributions of resources in favor of fairness?
Which age group is more willing to reject unequal distributions of resources in favor of fairness?
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Which principle suggests that everyone who commits the same crime receives the same punishment?
Which principle suggests that everyone who commits the same crime receives the same punishment?
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Which condition does NOT contribute to making justice salient according to Leventhal?
Which condition does NOT contribute to making justice salient according to Leventhal?
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What does the Scope of Justice define?
What does the Scope of Justice define?
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What is a common response when unfairness is observed outside the scope of personal justice?
What is a common response when unfairness is observed outside the scope of personal justice?
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What motivates advantaged individuals in terms of resource distribution?
What motivates advantaged individuals in terms of resource distribution?
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Which of the following best defines bias suppression in decision-making?
Which of the following best defines bias suppression in decision-making?
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What happens when children are presented with a costly condition for rejecting unequal distributions?
What happens when children are presented with a costly condition for rejecting unequal distributions?
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Which factor is NOT considered a component of Interactional Justice?
Which factor is NOT considered a component of Interactional Justice?
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Which statement best describes the reason about how individuals justify harmful actions towards those outside their scope of justice?
Which statement best describes the reason about how individuals justify harmful actions towards those outside their scope of justice?
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In Alexander & Ruderman's study, which aspect was found to be the most significantly related to job satisfaction?
In Alexander & Ruderman's study, which aspect was found to be the most significantly related to job satisfaction?
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Which factor was effective in expanding the scope of justice to include the bombardier beetle?
Which factor was effective in expanding the scope of justice to include the bombardier beetle?
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According to Colquitt et al. (2001), what was the surprising outcome regarding distributive justice?
According to Colquitt et al. (2001), what was the surprising outcome regarding distributive justice?
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What is NOT a characteristic of procedural justice?
What is NOT a characteristic of procedural justice?
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Which theory emphasizes social comparisons based on the contributions individuals make?
Which theory emphasizes social comparisons based on the contributions individuals make?
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Which of the following is a component of procedural fairness critical for job satisfaction?
Which of the following is a component of procedural fairness critical for job satisfaction?
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How does distributive justice assess fairness?
How does distributive justice assess fairness?
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What is the likely emotional impact on individuals outside the scope of justice?
What is the likely emotional impact on individuals outside the scope of justice?
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What does accuracy in decision-making refer to?
What does accuracy in decision-making refer to?
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Which condition was necessary for the bombardier beetle to be included in participants' scope of justice?
Which condition was necessary for the bombardier beetle to be included in participants' scope of justice?
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Which of the following factors does NOT influence an individual's evaluation of procedural justice?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence an individual's evaluation of procedural justice?
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What factor influences a person's scope of justice the most?
What factor influences a person's scope of justice the most?
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In what context might an individual's scope of justice narrow the most?
In what context might an individual's scope of justice narrow the most?
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In the context of justice, what primarily guides judgments regarding fairness?
In the context of justice, what primarily guides judgments regarding fairness?
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Which of the following is likely to lessen an employee's intention to take sick leave, according to the studies on justice?
Which of the following is likely to lessen an employee's intention to take sick leave, according to the studies on justice?
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What is considered an individual's perception of justice in the context of distributive justice?
What is considered an individual's perception of justice in the context of distributive justice?
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How does the utility of an organism influence its position within the scope of justice?
How does the utility of an organism influence its position within the scope of justice?
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What is a consequence faced by those outside the scope of justice?
What is a consequence faced by those outside the scope of justice?
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Which approach focuses on the outcomes of justice by comparing individual experiences?
Which approach focuses on the outcomes of justice by comparing individual experiences?
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How does the involvement of volunteers with a particular group affect their scope of justice?
How does the involvement of volunteers with a particular group affect their scope of justice?
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Which organisms are likely to be placed outside the scope of justice?
Which organisms are likely to be placed outside the scope of justice?
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What is an important factor that can change an individual's scope of justice over time?
What is an important factor that can change an individual's scope of justice over time?
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What does the social exchange theory of justice primarily suggest about individual behavior?
What does the social exchange theory of justice primarily suggest about individual behavior?
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According to social exchange theory, how should rewards be balanced with costs for optimal decision-making?
According to social exchange theory, how should rewards be balanced with costs for optimal decision-making?
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What is a key observation from Pritchard et al. (1972) regarding individuals who are overpaid?
What is a key observation from Pritchard et al. (1972) regarding individuals who are overpaid?
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In the context of social exchange theory, what is often not considered as crucial when making decisions?
In the context of social exchange theory, what is often not considered as crucial when making decisions?
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According to Walster et al. (1978), what effect does being overpaid have on an individual's work performance?
According to Walster et al. (1978), what effect does being overpaid have on an individual's work performance?
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What behavior might overpaid individuals exhibit according to Schmitt & Marwell (1972)?
What behavior might overpaid individuals exhibit according to Schmitt & Marwell (1972)?
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What does social exchange theory suggest is often sufficient for individuals when participating in social relationships?
What does social exchange theory suggest is often sufficient for individuals when participating in social relationships?
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How does an individual usually respond if they feel underpaid, according to the findings from Pritchard et al. (1972)?
How does an individual usually respond if they feel underpaid, according to the findings from Pritchard et al. (1972)?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology of Justice & Injustice
- Social psychologists study how individuals perceive justice and injustice.
- They investigate how individuals react to situations perceived as just or unjust.
- Social psychologists aim to create a more just society through research.
- Social psychologists focus on the subjective experience of justice within individuals, not defining objective justice.
- They examine how others judge and react to justice and injustice.
- They don't try to define justice themselves.
- Questions social psychologists ask include:
- What do people perceive as fair?
- How are fairness perceptions formed?
- How do fairness perceptions influence thinking, feelings, and behaviour?
- What do people do to achieve justice?
Definitions of Justice and Injustice
- Justice: People believe justice exists when others are treated according to what they are entitled to.
- Injustice: Injustice occurs when rewards or punishments are not proportionate to what is deserved.
Social Exchange Theory of Justice
- Early social psychologists believed people are solely motivated by self-interest.
- This view is incorrect according to further research.
- Early social psychologists did not consider fairness and concern for others.
- This belief led to the social exchange theory—individuals try to maximize rewards and minimize costs.
Examples of Social Exchange Theory
- Appearing fair in work effort to avoid job consequences.
- Parents doing just enough housework.
- Giving a gift that appears thoughtful but not generous enough.
Research on Justice Motivation
- Studies on fair treatment versus unfair treatment examined the reactions of college students, showing feelings of discomfort and dissatisfaction when overpaid.
- Overpaid students worked harder. Underpaid students performed worse. Those who received fair pay showed greatest job satisfaction.
- Employees perceiving unfair pay may steal from their workplace to restore a sense of justice.
- Wealthier individuals show willingness to redistribute resources to those disadvantaged.
Justice and Cooperation
- Individuals punish rule-breakers, even when it has personal cost.
- Children demonstrate understanding of fairness and inequality by selecting even distributions over unequal ones.
Conditions Influencing Justice
- People are more aware of injustices when in authority positions.
- Justice is more relevant when other goals are not at play.
- Justice is more apparent in diverse social structures and less so in fixed ones.
- Scarce resources lead to a narrower scope of justice.
- Individuals' perceptions are affected by organizational structures and interpersonal relationships to which they are impacted.
Scope of Justice
- The psychological boundary where justice or fairness is applied.
- Morals, values, and rules are relevant only to those within the scope.
- This boundary also includes individuals considered human, like animals and primates who are more similar to humans.
- Non-humans outside this scope are viewed as not deserving the same treatment.
Scope of Justice Study
- Volunteers have a higher scope of justice when closely involved with refugees.
- Higher willingness to volunteer is correlated with those within the scope of perceived justice.
Factors Affecting Scope of Justice
- Similarity: The more similar someone is to you, the more likely they are within your scope of justice.
- Conflict: Conflict and scarcity of resources narrow the scope of justice.
- Utility: Organisms benefitting us or our society are inside the scope of justice.
Types of Justice
- Procedural Justice: The fairness of the decision-making process.
- Distributive Justice: The fairness of the distribution of resources.
Distributive Justice Principles
- Equity: Outcomes proportional to contribution.
- Equality: Same outcomes for everyone.
- Need: Outcomes proportional to need.
Cultural Differences in Justice
- Collectivist cultures like Chinese value equal distribution of resources even between outgroups.
- Individualistic cultures value rewards based on contributions to ingroups.
Distribution Principles Related to Punishment
- Punishment should fit the crime (equitable).
- Equal punishment for similar crimes (equality).
- Punishment based on need to deter future crimes (need).
Procedural Justice
- Perceived fairness of decisions allocating resources.
- Procedural justice is a significant predictor of job satisfaction.
Interactional Justice
- Fairness in inter-personal treatment during decision-making.
- Includes aspects like truthfulness, justification, politeness, dignity, respect, and feedback.
Justice in the Workplace Study
- Individuals care about fairness (procedural and distributive).
- Procedural justice is more critical than distributive justice in job satisfaction.
- People will leave jobs in favour of distributive justice
Group Engagement Model
- Group membership influences understanding of individuals.
- Extra-role behaviors (going beyond job requirements) are influenced by social identity and procedural/economic outcomes inside a group.
- Identifying with a group motivates individuals to positively contribute to the group's success.
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