Lower Limb Skeleton and Muscles Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main functional components of the lower limb skeleton?

  • Axial skeleton and pelvic girdle
  • Appendicular skeleton and free lower limbs (correct)
  • Pelvic girdle and thoracic cage
  • Appendicular skeleton and pelvic girdle (correct)

    • What role does the pelvic girdle serve in the lower limb structure?

  • To serve as a weight-bearing structure
  • To attach the free lower limb to the axial skeleton (correct)
  • To provide protection for the lower organs
  • To increase mobility of the leg

    • How is the pelvic girdle described in relation to the lower limbs?

  • It connects the free lower limb to the thoracic skeleton
  • It is more mobile than the axial skeleton
  • It is a bone structure primarily for support (correct)
  • It does not contribute to the movement of the lower limb

    • Which of the following best describes the relationship between the pelvic girdle and the free lower limbs?

    <p>The free lower limbs originate from the pelvic girdle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a component of the lower limb skeleton not explicitly stated in the content provided?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the iliofemoral ligament during abduction?

    <p>It is relaxed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT part of the anterior thigh muscles responsible for hip flexion?

    <p>Biceps femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is stretched during adduction?

    <p>Ischiofemoral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the pectineus muscle?

    <p>Adduction and flexion of the hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the joint action occurring when the pubofemoral ligament is tightened?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the greater trochanter of the femur?

    <p>Attachment and leverage for abductors and rotators of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lesser trochanter primarily serve as an insertion point for?

    <p>Psoas major and Iliacus muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the iliopsoas muscle group?

    <p>Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angle is formed between the femoral neck and femoral shaft in adults?

    <p>120-125°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure contributes minimally to the mechanical stability of the femoral head in young individuals?

    <p>Ligamentum teres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the iliacus to the psoas major?

    <p>Tendon of psoas major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for lateral rotation and flexion of the thigh at the hip joint?

    <p>Sartorius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ligamentum teres related to vascular supply?

    <p>It contributes to the vascular supply of the femoral head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which vertebrae does the psoas major originate?

    <p>T12 to L5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position is the axis of the femoral neck oriented?

    <p>Superiorly, medially, and anteriorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the angle of the femoral neck with age and weight bearing?

    <p>It decreases to a final degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the psoas minor primarily stabilize?

    <p>Lateral flexion of the trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the intertrochanteric line indicate?

    <p>The junction between the neck and shaft of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle assists in stabilizing the hip during movement?

    <p>Psoas major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical term for the hip joint?

    <p>Synovial joint (enarthrosis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the sartorius muscle?

    <p>Proximal part of the medial surface of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT a part of the iliopsoas group?

    <p>Sartorius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the acetabulum contribute to hip stability?

    <p>By covering most of the femoral head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence if the vascularization from the ligamentum teres is disrupted?

    <p>Necrosis of the femoral head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rotation does the iliacus assist with?

    <p>Medial rotation of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the iliopsoas muscle group during trunk movements?

    <p>Contributes to ipsilateral flexion of the trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscles attach to the greater trochanter?

    <p>Abductors and rotators of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure does the ligamentum teres originate from?

    <p>Acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for extending the hip joint from a flexed position?

    <p>Gluteus maximus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the gluteus medius muscle?

    <p>Abduction and stabilization of the pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where does the tensor of fascia lata originate?

    <p>Anterior superior iliac spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point for most fibers of the gluteus maximus?

    <p>Lateral condyle of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's primary role is to stabilize the pelvis during weight-bearing on the ipsilateral limb?

    <p>Gluteus minimus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is a deep layer muscle of the gluteal region and is responsible for external rotation of the hip?

    <p>Piriformis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the gluteus minimus?

    <p>Abduction of the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles assists in lateral rotation of the hip joint?

    <p>Gluteus maximus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group includes piriformis and quadratus femoris?

    <p>Deep layer muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the tensor of fascia lata perform at the hip joint?

    <p>Medial and lateral rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lateral rotators in the deep layer of the gluteal region?

    <p>To laterally rotate the hip joint and stabilize the femoral head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the anterior surface of the sacrum?

    <p>Piriformis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle acts as both a lateral rotator and an abductor of the hip joint?

    <p>Piriformis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point for the obturator internus muscle?

    <p>Medial surface of the greater trochanter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two muscles originate from the ischial tuberosity?

    <p>Inferior gemellus and quadratus femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the deep layer muscles of the gluteal region contribute to hip joint function?

    <p>They stabilize the hip joint and assist in hip rotation and abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's primary attachment is to the ischial spine?

    <p>Superior gemellus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the quadratus femoris muscle in relation to the hip joint?

    <p>It laterally rotates the hip joint and stabilizes the femoral head in the acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lower Limb 1

    • The skeleton of the lower limb is divided into two functional components:
      • the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis)
      • the bones of the free lower limbs

    The Pelvic Girdle

    • Attaches the free lower limb to the axial skeleton
    • Two identical half-connected components:
      • posterior: sacrum
      • anterior: pubic symphysis
    • Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis are the three primary bones that form the hip bone.
    • These fuse to form the acetabulum.
    • The iliac crest is a thick, prominent border.
    • The iliac fossa is a large medial depression that provides proximal attachment for the iliacus muscle.
    • There are anterior superior and inferior iliac spines offering ligament and tendon attachment.
    • The greater sciatic notch is formed by the posterior border of the ischium.
    • The ischial tuberosity is a large, bony projection that helps connect the body of the ischium to its ramus.
    • The pubic bone is part of the anteromedial hip bone
    • Pubis forms the anteromedial portion of the hip bone and contributes to the formation of the acetabulum.
    • The pubis is divided into a body (flattened, medial) and superior and inferior rami projecting laterally.
    • The pubic symphysis is where the two pubic bones are joined medially.
    • The pubic crest originates from the pubic tubercles, and helps attach abdominal muscles.

    The Hip

    • The acetabulum is large, cup-shaped cavity, on the lateral side of the hip bone that articulates with the head of the femur.
    • The acetabulum is formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
    • The acetabular notch and fossa contribute to the lunate surface of the acetabulum.
    • The acetabular labrum is a fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the acetabulum.
    • The acetabular axis forms a 30° to 40° angle with the horizontal plane.
    • The anterior orientation of the acetabulum is 15° to 20° from the frontal plane.

    The Femur

    • The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body.
    • It transmits body weight from the hip bone to the tibia.
    • Its length is roughly a quarter of the person's height.
    • The femur has a midshaft and two epiphyseal ends (proximal and distal).
    • The proximal end has a head, neck, and two trochanters (greater and lesser).
    • The femoral head is spherical and covered in articular cartilage.
    • The fovea is a depression where the ligament of the head attaches to the acetabulum.
    • The femoral neck is trapezoidal, with a narrow head and broader base
    • The greater trochanter is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence.
    • The lesser trochanter is a conical eminence projecting from the base of the neck.
    • The intertrochanteric line (or crest) marks where the neck and shaft meet.

    The Ligamentum Teres

    • The ligament of the femur head is a flattened fibrous band.
    • It is implanted, by its apex, into the antero-superior part of the fovea capitis femoris.
    • The base of the ligament connects to the acetabular notch, by two separate bands.
    • Its role is negligible in terms of mechanical support, although it plays a part in the vascularization of the femoral head.
    • The obturator artery often contributes to the vascularization.

    The Hip Joint

    • The hip joint is a synovial joint (enarthrosis).
    • It's formed by the acetabulum and the proximal epiphysis of the femur.
    • It is very stable in part due to its conformation, capsule, and ligaments.

    The Hip Capsule

    • The capsule runs from the iliac bone to the upper end of the femur.
    • It is made up of two kinds of fibres: longitudinal and circular.
    • Medially, the capsular ligament is inserted into the acetabular rim.
    • The transverse ligament and the peripheral surface of the labrum are also involved.
    • Laterally, the capsule is not attached to the edges of the articular cartilage but attaches to the base of the neck.
    • There are three important ligaments: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral supporting the hip.

    Hip Movements & Ligament Roles

    • Flexion: decreases the angle between the hip bones

    • Extension: increases the angle between the hip bones

    • Abduction: limb moving away from the midline

    • Adduction: limb moving towards the midline

    • Lateral Rotation: limb rotated away from the midline

    • Medial Rotation: limb rotated towards the midline

    • During various movements of the hip joint, the different ligaments act to support it to maintain stability in the hip

    Muscles

    • The anterior thigh muscles include the hip flexors and knee extensors. -Examples: Iliopsoas, Sartorius
    • Medial thigh muscles include the adductor group. -Examples: Adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, obturator externus
    • Muscles of the gluteal region are divided into superficial and deep layers -Examples include: gluteus maximus, medius, minimus, tensor fasciae latae, piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, and quadratus femoris.
    • The posterior thigh muscles mainly comprise the hip extensors and knee flexors -Examples: Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, and Biceps femurs

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the functional components of the lower limb skeleton, including the pelvic girdle and associated muscles. This quiz covers various aspects of anatomy, including ligaments, muscle actions, and the anatomical features of the femur. See how well you understand the relationships within the lower limb structure!

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