Lower Limb Anatomy Quiz
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Lower Limb Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the lower limb?

  • Facilitates digestion
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Supports body weight (correct)
  • Enhances vision
  • Which of the following bones is not part of the lower limb?

  • Humerus (correct)
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • At what age does the complete fusion of the hip bone occur?

  • 20-25 years (correct)
  • 25-30 years
  • 15-17 years
  • 18-20 years
  • What is the role of the acetabulum in the hip joint?

    <p>Articulates with the femur head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lower limb region is primarily involved in weight-bearing and balance?

    <p>Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the hip bones collectively known as?

    <p>Pelvic girdle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pelvis articulates with the sacrum?

    <p>Ilium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The obturator foramen is closed by which structure?

    <p>Obturator membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the femur's shaft?

    <p>It provides most muscle attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the deep fascia of the thigh?

    <p>It separates groups of muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following illustrates a typical location for femoral fractures?

    <p>At the neck of the femur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the saphenous opening allow to pass through?

    <p>Great saphenous vein and its tributaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shapes the structure of the thigh's fascial compartments?

    <p>Muscle groups and septa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones contributes to the proximal end of the femur?

    <p>Ischium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant outcome of calcium loss affecting the femur's shaft?

    <p>Higher risk of fractures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the lateral and medial intermuscular septa primarily separate?

    <p>Different compartments of the thigh muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the quadriceps femoris muscle group?

    <p>Extending the leg at the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles allows for a 'cross-leg' position?

    <p>Sartorius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the pectineus muscle?

    <p>Superior ramus of pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compartment's muscles are primarily responsible for extending the hip and flexing the knee?

    <p>Posterior compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the iliopsoas muscle group?

    <p>Flexes the hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many heads does the quadriceps femoris muscle have?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sesamoid bone in the context of the quadriceps femoris?

    <p>The patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the iliopsoas muscle?

    <p>Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure forms the roof of the femoral triangle?

    <p>Fascia lata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located in the medial compartment of the femoral triangle?

    <p>Femoral canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which spinal nerves does the femoral nerve originate?

    <p>L2, L3, L4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT a content of the femoral sheath?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of the femoral canal?

    <p>It is a common site for femoral hernias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle forms the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?

    <p>Sartorius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the formation of the femoral sheath?

    <p>Transversalis fascia and psoas fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of the adductor canal in the middle thigh?

    <p>15 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve continues anterior to the medial malleolus at the ankle joint?

    <p>Saphenous nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chief artery supplying the thigh?

    <p>Profunda artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT included in the boundaries of the adductor canal?

    <p>Biceps femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein does the femoral vein receive tributaries from?

    <p>Great saphenous vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for innervating the vastus medialis?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which anatomical landmark does the femoral artery begin?

    <p>Mid inguinal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is directly responsible for supplying the head and neck of the femur?

    <p>Medial femoral circumflex artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lower Limb Function

    • The lower limb is essential for weight support, locomotion, and balance.
    • It is divided into six regions: gluteal, femoral, knee, calf, leg, ankle, and foot.

    Regions

    • The lower limb regions include the gluteal region, thigh, knee, calf, leg, ankle, and foot.
    • The sole is the bottom surface of the foot.

    Bones

    • The lower limb bones include the pelvic girdle, femur, tibia/fibula, tarsals, and phalanges.

    Pelvic Girdle

    • The pelvic girdle is composed of the sacrum and both hip bones.
    • Each hip bone consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

    Hip Bone Development

    • The three bones of the hip bone are joined by hyaline cartilage at birth.
    • The Y-shaped triradiate cartilage forms at puberty.
    • Fusion of these bones begins at 15-17 years of age and is complete at 20-25 years.

    Ilium

    • The ilium is the largest part of the hip bone and provides attachment for numerous muscles.
    • The outer aspect of the ilium has gluteal lines which separate the three gluteal muscles.
    • The inner aspect of the ilium has an auricular surface that articulates with the sacrum.

    Ischium and Pubis

    • The ischium is the posteroinferior part of the hip bone.
    • The pubis is the anteromedial part of the hip bone.
    • The ischium and pubis contribute to the formation of the obturator foramen which is closed by the obturator membrane except for the obturator canal.
    • The obturator nerve and vessels pass through the obturator canal.

    Acetabulum

    • The acetabulum is a cup-shaped cavity on the lateral hip bone.
    • It articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
    • The acetabulum has an incomplete inferior margin called the acetabular notch.
    • The acetabular fossa is covered by articular cartilage.

    Femur

    • The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body, accounting for about ¼ of a person's height.
    • It has a shaft, a proximal end, and a distal end.
    • The proximal end of the femur includes the head, neck, and two trochanters.

    Femur: Shaft

    • The shaft of the femur provides attachment for many muscles.
    • It is affected by calcium loss, as seen in rickets.

    Femur: Correlates (Clinical Relevance)

    • Hip bone fractures (pelvic fractures) can occur.
    • Coxa vara and coxa valga are conditions characterized by changes in the angle of inclination of the femoral neck.
    • Femoral fractures commonly occur at the neck, which is the narrowest and weakest point.

    Fascial Compartments of the Thigh

    • The superficial fascia lies deep to the skin and contains fat, superficial vessels, cutaneous nerves, and superficial lymphatics and nodes.
    • The deep fascia of the thigh, also known as fascia lata, surrounds all thigh muscles and acts as an elastic stocking, separating groups of muscles.

    Thigh Muscle Compartments

    • Fascia lata forms three septa: lateral intermuscular septum, medial intermuscular septum, and posterior intermuscular septum, which divide the thigh muscles into three compartments:
      • Anterior compartment
      • Medial compartment
      • Posterior compartment
    • These septa attach to the linea aspera of the femur.

    Anterior Compartment (Thigh)

    • Muscles in the anterior compartment are innervated by the femoral nerve and responsible for extending the knee and flexing the hip.

    Medial Compartment (Thigh)

    • Muscles in the medial compartment are innervated by the obturator and femoral nerves and adduct the thigh.

    Posterior Compartment (Thigh)

    • Muscles in the posterior compartment are innervated by the sciatic nerve and extend the hip and flex the knee.

    Anterior Thigh Muscles

    • The anterior thigh muscles include the sartorius, quadriceps femoris, psoas major, iliacus, and pectineus.
    • All of these muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve, flex the hip, and extend the knee.

    Pectineus Muscle

    • Origin: Superior ramus of pubis
    • Insertion: Pectineal line of femur
    • Action: Adducts and flexes the thigh, medially rotates the thigh
    • Nerve: Femoral nerve +/- obturator nerve

    Sartorius Muscle (Tailor's Muscle)

    • Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
    • Insertion: Medial surface of the tibia
    • Action: Abducts the thigh at the hip joint, laterally rotates the thigh, flexes the hip and knee joints, enabling the "cross-leg" position.
    • Innervation: Femoral nerve
    • Note: The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the body.

    Quadriceps Femoris Muscle

    • The quadriceps femoris has four heads:
      • Rectus femoris: Originates from the ASIS and ilium.
      • Vastus lateralis: Originates from the greater trochanter and lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur.
      • Vastus medialis: Originates from the intertrochanteric line and medial lip of the linea aspera of the femur.
      • Vastus intermedius: Originates from the anterolateral shaft of the femur.
    • All four heads of the quadriceps femoris form the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella and from there into the tubercle of the tibia.
    • The patella is a sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris.
    • Action: Extends the leg at the knee joint, flexes the thigh, and steadies the hip joint.

    Iliopsoas Muscle

    • Psoas minor:
      • Origin: Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and intervertebral discs
      • Insertion: Pectineal line and iliopectineal eminence
    • Psoas major:
      • Origin: Sides and intervertebral discs of T12-L5, transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
      • Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
    • Iliacus:
      • Origin: Iliac crest and fossa, ala of sacrum
      • Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
    • Action: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint, flexes the leg at the knee joint.

    Femoral Triangle

    • The femoral triangle is a fascial space located in the superoanterior 1/3 of the thigh.
    • Boundaries:
      • Medially: Lateral border of the adductor longus muscle
      • Laterally: Medial border of the sartorius muscle
      • Superiorly: Inguinal ligament
    • Floor:
      • Laterally: Iliopsoas
      • Medially: Pectineus
    • Roof:
      • Fascia lata
      • Cribriform fascia
      • Subcutaneous tissue
      • Skin
    • The saphenous opening is located in the upper part of the femoral triangle.

    Femoral Triangle Contents

    • The femoral triangle contains the following structures, from lateral to medial:
      • Femoral nerve and its branches
      • Femoral sheath, which encloses:
        • Femoral artery and branches
        • Femoral vein and tributaries
        • Deep inguinal lymph nodes and vessels

    Femoral Sheath

    • The femoral sheath is formed by the fusion of the transversalis fascia and psoas fascia below the inguinal ligament.
    • It encloses the femoral artery, femoral vein, and femoral canal.
    • The femoral nerve lies outside the sheath on its lateral aspect.

    Femoral Canal

    • The femoral canal occupies the medial compartment of the femoral triangle.
    • It opens into the abdominal cavity superiorly at the femoral ring.
    • Contains deep inguinal lymph nodes (gland of Cloquet).
    • It is a site for a hernia of a gut loop, resulting in a femoral hernia.

    Nerves of the Anterior Compartment

    • Femoral Nerve:
      • Formed from the lumbar plexus (L2, L3, and L4).
      • Branches:
        • Muscular branches: Innervate the anterior thigh muscles.
        • Anterior femoral cutaneous branches: Supply the skin of the anterior thigh.
        • Lateral femoral cutaneous branches: Supply the skin of the lateral thigh.
        • Saphenous nerve branch:
      • Note: Muscular branches of the femoral nerve innervate the anterior thigh muscles.
      • Note: The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve courses through the thigh and supplies the skin of the lateral thigh.

    Saphenous Nerve

    • Course: Travels with the great saphenous vein.
    • Termination: Continues anterior to the medial malleolus at the ankle joint, which it innervates.

    Femoral Artery

    • Origin: A continuation of the external iliac artery.
    • Beginning: At the mid-inguinal ligament.
    • Branches:
      • Profunda femoris: The chief thigh artery; gives 3-4 perforating arteries.
      • Circumflex femoral arteries: Supply the head and neck of the femur, especially the medial circumflex artery.

    Femoral Vein

    • Origin: Continuation of the popliteal vein.
    • Tributaries: Receives tributaries that follow the arteries.
    • Receives: The great saphenous vein.
    • Termination: Becomes the external iliac vein at the inguinal ligament.

    Adductor Canal (Hunter's Canal or Subsartorial Canal)

    • Location: A 15 cm passageway in the middle of the thigh.
    • Course: Extends from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus in the tendon of adductor magnus.
    • Contents:
      • Femoral artery
      • Femoral vein
      • Saphenous nerve
      • Nerve to vastus medialis
    • Boundaries:
      • Anteriorly and laterally: Vastus medialis
      • Posteriorly: Adductor longus and magnus
      • Medially: Sartorius

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