Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which spinal nerve plexus innervates the head and neck?
Which spinal nerve plexus innervates the head and neck?
- Sacral plexus
- Cervical plexus (correct)
- Brachial plexus
- Lumbar plexus
Which spinal nerve plexus innervates the arms?
Which spinal nerve plexus innervates the arms?
- Cervical plexus
- Lumbar plexus
- Brachial plexus (correct)
- Sacral plexus
Which spinal nerve plexus innervates the pelvic region and anterior leg?
Which spinal nerve plexus innervates the pelvic region and anterior leg?
- Brachial plexus
- Lumbar plexus (correct)
- Cervical plexus
- Sacral plexus
Which spinal nerve plexus innervates the posterior leg?
Which spinal nerve plexus innervates the posterior leg?
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm and is responsible for breathing?
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm and is responsible for breathing?
What is the largest nerve in the body that extends from the sacral plexus?
What is the largest nerve in the body that extends from the sacral plexus?
What are dermatomes?
What are dermatomes?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the spinal cord?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the spinal cord?
Which of the following is the correct order of the spinal meninges from outermost to innermost?
Which of the following is the correct order of the spinal meninges from outermost to innermost?
Where is the epidural space located?
Where is the epidural space located?
What is the function of the subarachnoid space?
What is the function of the subarachnoid space?
Where does the spinal cord end?
Where does the spinal cord end?
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) the facial organs in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) the facial organs in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located in relation to the target effector organ?
Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located in relation to the target effector organ?
What is the term used to describe the balanced input from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions in organ systems?
What is the term used to describe the balanced input from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions in organ systems?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for vasodilation in blood vessels to skeletal muscles?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for vasodilation in blood vessels to skeletal muscles?
What effect does the parasympathetic division have on the bronchi of the lungs?
What effect does the parasympathetic division have on the bronchi of the lungs?
Which part of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons?
Which part of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons?
What is the function of the dorsal (posterior) root ganglion?
What is the function of the dorsal (posterior) root ganglion?
Which part of the spinal cord innervates the upper limbs?
Which part of the spinal cord innervates the upper limbs?
What is the function of the gray commissure in the spinal cord?
What is the function of the gray commissure in the spinal cord?
What is the function of the ventral (anterior) root of a spinal nerve?
What is the function of the ventral (anterior) root of a spinal nerve?
Which motor neurons degenerate or die in ALS?
Which motor neurons degenerate or die in ALS?
What is the most common cause of SMA?
What is the most common cause of SMA?
Which muscles are more severely affected in SMA?
Which muscles are more severely affected in SMA?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system prepares for emergencies?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system prepares for emergencies?
Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division located?
Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division located?
True or false: The spinal cord carries motor information to the brain.
True or false: The spinal cord carries motor information to the brain.
True or false: The spinal cord is housed within the spinal meninges.
True or false: The spinal cord is housed within the spinal meninges.
True or false: The spinal dura mater is composed of multiple layers of connective tissue.
True or false: The spinal dura mater is composed of multiple layers of connective tissue.
True or false: The epidural space around the spinal cord contains adipose tissue.
True or false: The epidural space around the spinal cord contains adipose tissue.
True or false: The conus medullaris is located at the end of the thoracic region of the spinal cord.
True or false: The conus medullaris is located at the end of the thoracic region of the spinal cord.
True or false: The spinal cord is longer than the vertebral canal that houses it?
True or false: The spinal cord is longer than the vertebral canal that houses it?
True or false: The long bundle of nerves inferior to the conus medullaris is called cauda equina?
True or false: The long bundle of nerves inferior to the conus medullaris is called cauda equina?
True or false: The gray matter is external and white matter is internal in the spinal cord?
True or false: The gray matter is external and white matter is internal in the spinal cord?
True or false: The anterior horn contains the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons?
True or false: The anterior horn contains the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons?
True or false: The lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord innervates the upper limbs?
True or false: The lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord innervates the upper limbs?
True or false: The spinal nerves split into two branches called rami.
True or false: The spinal nerves split into two branches called rami.
True or false: The ventral ramus innervates the deep muscle and skin of the back.
True or false: The ventral ramus innervates the deep muscle and skin of the back.
True or false: The spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor information.
True or false: The spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor information.
True or false: The cervical plexus innervates the head and neck.
True or false: The cervical plexus innervates the head and neck.
True or false: The brachial plexus is formed by spinal nerves T5 - T12.
True or false: The brachial plexus is formed by spinal nerves T5 - T12.
True or false: ALS is a condition where only the upper motor neurons degenerate or die?
True or false: ALS is a condition where only the upper motor neurons degenerate or die?
True or false: SMA is caused by defects in the survival motor neuron 1 gene?
True or false: SMA is caused by defects in the survival motor neuron 1 gene?
True or false: The somatic nervous system is responsible for involuntary motor orders to cardiac and smooth muscles?
True or false: The somatic nervous system is responsible for involuntary motor orders to cardiac and smooth muscles?
True or false: The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for emergencies?
True or false: The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for emergencies?
True or false: Parasympathetic ganglia are located in the nuclei of the brainstem and lateral horn of the sacral spinal cord?
True or false: Parasympathetic ganglia are located in the nuclei of the brainstem and lateral horn of the sacral spinal cord?
True or false: Dermatomes are important in a clinical setting as they can help identify potential damage to spinal nerves.
True or false: Dermatomes are important in a clinical setting as they can help identify potential damage to spinal nerves.
True or false: Monosynaptic reflexes involve at least two synapses.
True or false: Monosynaptic reflexes involve at least two synapses.
True or false: Preganglionic neurons can connect to intramural ganglia located within the target organ.
True or false: Preganglionic neurons can connect to intramural ganglia located within the target organ.
True or false: The parasympathetic ganglia are located close to the target effector organ, resulting in long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers.
True or false: The parasympathetic ganglia are located close to the target effector organ, resulting in long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers.
True or false: Autonomic tone refers to the balance between input from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions in organ systems.
True or false: Autonomic tone refers to the balance between input from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions in organ systems.
True or false: Many effector organs of the autonomic nervous system have dual innervation, receiving inputs from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
True or false: Many effector organs of the autonomic nervous system have dual innervation, receiving inputs from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
True or false: In some cases, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system can have cooperative effects.
True or false: In some cases, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system can have cooperative effects.
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Study Notes
Spinal Nerve Plexuses and Innervation
- Cervical plexus innervates the head and neck.
- Brachial plexus innervates the arms.
- Lumbosacral plexus innervates the pelvic region and anterior leg.
- Sacral plexus innervates the posterior leg.
Nervous System Functions and Anatomy
- Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm, essential for breathing.
- Sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body, extending from the sacral plexus.
- Dermatomes are areas of skin supplied by specific spinal nerves, important for diagnosing nerve-related damage.
Spinal Cord Functions and Structure
- Spinal cord does not perform higher brain functions like reasoning or emotions.
- The correct order of spinal meninges from outermost to innermost: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
- Epidural space is located between the dura mater and vertebral canal, containing adipose tissue and blood vessels.
- Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid, providing cushioning and nutrient transport.
- Spinal cord ends at the conus medullaris, typically around the L1-L2 vertebrae.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X control facial organs in the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Parasympathetic ganglia are located near or within the target effector organ.
- Autonomic tone reflects balanced inputs from sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions affecting organ systems.
- Sympathetic division causes vasodilation in blood vessels of skeletal muscles.
- Parasympathetic division constricts the bronchi of the lungs.
Spinal Cord Components
- Anterior horn contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons.
- Dorsal root ganglion functions as a sensory nerve cell body storage.
- Cervical enlargement innervates the upper limbs.
- Gray commissure facilitates communication between sides of the spinal cord.
- Ventral root carries motor commands away from the spinal cord.
Pathologies and Motor Neurons
- In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), both upper and lower motor neurons degenerate.
- Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is most commonly caused by defects in the survival motor neuron 1 gene.
- In SMA, proximal muscles are usually more severely affected.
Autonomic Nervous System Characteristics
- Sympathetic division prepares the body for emergencies (fight-or-flight response).
- Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are located in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord.
- Spinal cord carries motor and sensory information to and from the brain.
- The spinal cord is housed within the spinal meninges, providing protection and support.
True/False Statements
- The spinal dura mater consists of multiple layers of connective tissue: True.
- Epidural space contains adipose tissue: True.
- The conus medullaris is located at the end of the thoracic region: False.
- Spinal cord is longer than the vertebral canal: False.
- Cauda equina refers to the bundle of nerves below the conus medullaris: True.
- Gray matter is located internally with white matter externally in the spinal cord: False.
- Anterior horn contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons: False.
- Lumbosacral enlargement innervates the upper limbs: False.
- Spinal nerves split into rami: True.
- Ventral ramus innervates deeper muscles and skin of the back: False.
- Spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor information: True.
- Cervical plexus indeed innervates the head and neck: True.
- Brachial plexus is formed by spinal nerves C5 - T1, not T5 - T12: False.
- ALS affects only upper motor neurons: False.
- SMA is caused by defects in the survival motor neuron 1 gene: True.
- Somatic nervous system controls involuntary motor actions: False.
- Sympathetic division prepares the body for emergencies: True.
- Parasympathetic ganglia are close to target organs leading to long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers: True.
- Autonomic tone refers to the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs: True.
- Many organs have dual innervation from both divisions of autonomic nervous system: True.
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions can work cooperatively: True.
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