Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure NRAN 80413 Spring 2024 Ron Anderson, M.D. Quiz

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What is the primary function of the kidneys in regulating long-term blood pressure?

Controlling nervous and hormonal input

Regulating salt and water balance (correct)

Regulating total peripheral resistance

Regulating cardiac output

What is the Guyton model for long-term blood pressure regulation based on?

The interaction of the renal function curve and the salt and water intake curve (correct)

The interaction of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

The interaction of nervous system control and renal function

The interaction of baroreceptor reflexes and hormonal regulation

How does an abrupt increase in total peripheral resistance affect long-term blood pressure according to the Guyton model?

It causes a gradual increase in blood pressure over time

It has no effect on long-term blood pressure

It causes a short-term increase in blood pressure that rapidly returns to normal (correct)

It causes a permanent increase in blood pressure

What is the mechanism by which increased arterial pressure leads to increased renal water loss?

Pressure diuresis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which increased arterial pressure leads to increased renal salt loss?

Pressure natriuresis Signup and view all the answers

According to the Guyton model, what are the two mechanisms available to move the equilibrium point of long-term blood pressure regulation?

Shifting the renal function curve and altering salt and water intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the main determinant of extracellular fluid volume according to the text?

Increased fluid osmolality Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism explains how a small increase in cardiac output leads to a much larger increase in arterial pressure?

Increased total peripheral resistance via autoregulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common result of impaired renal fluid excretion regarding chronic hypertension?

Renal injury or failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of volume-loading hypertension according to the text?

Decreased renal mass and increased salt Signup and view all the answers

In volume-loading hypertension, what is the consequence of increased arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance?

Normal fluid volume and cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increased fluid volume in volume-loading hypertension?

Increased cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism underlying volume-loading hypertension?

Increased cardiac output initially, followed by a secondary increase in total peripheral resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertension?

It causes direct vasoconstriction and decreased salt/water excretion by the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between one-kidney and two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension?

One-kidney Goldblatt involves acute renal artery constriction, while two-kidney involves partial occlusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism underlying preeclampsia-induced hypertension?

Decreased nitric oxide and other vasodilators leading to vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of coarctation of the aorta-induced hypertension?

Hypertension proximal to the constriction and normotension distal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of neurogenic hypertension?

Sympathetic nervous system discharge due to excitation or anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism responsible for the transient increase in blood pressure following disruption of the baroreceptor nerves?

Loss of inhibitory impulses leading to an overactive vasomotor center and increased sympathetic outflow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark characteristic of autonomic hyperreflexia?

Hypertension and reflex bradycardia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primary hypertension?

Decreased renin-angiotensin system activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended treatment approach for primary hypertension?

Drugs that increase renal vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems is involved in the rapid (seconds to minutes) regulation of blood pressure?

Baroreceptor reflexes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about autonomic hyperreflexia is TRUE?

Its incidence is approximately 85% in injuries above T6 Signup and view all the answers