29 Questions
Which system plays a key role in redistributing blood flow to various tissues throughout the body?
Vascular stress-relaxation
Which of the following is NOT a cardiovascular effect of the sympathetic nervous system?
Decreased peripheral vascular resistance
Which autonomic nervous system effect primarily increases heart rate with little effect on contractility?
Parasympathetic fibers distributed to the SA node and AV node
Where is the autonomic inneravtion of the heart primarily distributed to?
To the SA node and AV node
Which autonomic nervous system anatomy is located in the medulla and caudal 1/3 of pons?
CNS vasomotor center
What is one of the long-term mechanisms for regulating arterial pressure?
Renal body fluid mechanisms
What is the purpose of measuring the Valsalva ratio?
To assess the integrity of the baroreflex arc and cardiovagal function
What is the normal range for the Valsalva ratio?
> 1.21
At which point is the maximum heart rate observed during the heart rate response to standing?
Around the 15th beat after standing
What is the normal range for the heart rate response to deep breathing?
Mean difference > 15 BPM
What is the correct method for measuring the blood pressure response to standing?
Subtract the supine blood pressure from the standing blood pressure
What is the primary function of the baroreceptor mechanism?
To maintain blood pressure within a narrower range
What is the primary reason the baroreceptors are of minor importance for long-term blood pressure control?
They undergo 'resetting' to a new pressure level over 1-2 days
What is the primary effect of the Bainbridge reflex on the heart?
Increased heart rate and increased contractility
What is the primary function of the low-pressure receptors (atrial receptors)?
To respond to changes in blood volume
What is the primary effect of the CNS ischemic response?
Dramatic increase in blood pressure
What is the primary effect of the Valsalva maneuver on cardiac output and blood pressure?
Cardiac output and blood pressure first decrease, then increase
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism involved in the rapid control of blood pressure increase within 5-10 seconds?
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system
Which receptor is responsible for mediating the vasodilatory effect that allows an anticipatory increase in muscle blood flow prior to local metabolic control?
β2 receptors on skeletal muscle
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism involved in the blood pressure modulation during exercise?
Stimulation of the vasodilator fibers by epinephrine released from skeletal muscle
Which of the following receptors is primarily responsible for the baroreceptor reflex response?
Both carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptors
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism involved in the baroreceptor reflex response?
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system
Which of the following is the normal heart rate response to the Valsalva maneuver, a test of autonomic dysfunction?
Initial increase followed by a decrease below baseline
Which of the following correctly describes the role of the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex in vasomotor control?
The hypothalamus contains the vasoconstrictor area, which excites preganglionic sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers, and the vasodilator area, which inhibits the vasoconstrictor area.
What is the mechanism behind sympathetic vasoconstriction?
Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic sympathetic nerves, activating alpha-adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle, and sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla, resulting in release of norepinephrine and epinephrine into the circulation.
Which of the following statements regarding sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone is correct?
It refers to the continuous slow firing of impulses from the vasoconstrictor area, resulting in partial contraction of blood vessels and allowing modulation up or down.
Which of the following alpha-adrenergic receptor subtypes is responsible for mediating vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle?
$\alpha_1A$
Which of the following correctly matches the receptor subtype with its mechanism of action and effect?
$\alpha_2$: Inhibits adenylyl cyclase, decreases cAMP, modulates neurotransmitter release at nerve terminals.
Which of the following statements regarding the effects of sympathetic stimulation is correct?
Activation of beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart increases force of contraction and heart rate.
Test your knowledge on the short-term regulation of arterial pressure as per the NRAN 80413 Spring 2024 course by Dr. Ron Anderson. Topics include baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, CNS ischemic response, and more.
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